Please read these 120 kinds of Class 1 (the highest level carcinogens) carefully.
On October 27, 2017, the International Agency for Research on Cancer under the World Health Organization compiled and published a list of four types of carcinogens according to their relevance to cancer. Class 1 is a definite carcinogen for human beings; Type 2 is limited evidence of carcinogenicity to humans; Category 3 is suspicious of human carcinogenicity; Category 4 is substances that may not be carcinogenic to human body.
There are 120 kinds of class 1 carcinogens, including alcoholic beverages, Chinese salted fish, processed meat, air pollution, solar radiation and smoking, which are closely related to people’s daily life. Chief reporter Lin Bibo
daily contact (with)
1. Acetaldehyde related to the intake of alcoholic beverages: Acetaldehyde is an intermediate product of ethanol metabolism in the human body. Some people have fewer enzymes to convert acetaldehyde and accumulate acetaldehyde more easily than others. Symptoms such as blushing, dizziness and headache after drinking alcohol are caused by excessive accumulation of acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde can cause DNA damage or double strand breaks in cells, thus causing cancer.
2. Ethanol in alcoholic beverages: Ethanol can not only metabolize acetaldehyde, but also be a good solvent, and many carcinogens will be dissolved in ethanol. It will also generate a large number of oxygen free radicals under the action of enzymes, which will lead to cancer of liver cells. It will also increase the level of estrogen in the body and induce breast and reproductive system cancer in women.
3. Alcoholic beverages: In addition to ethanol and acetaldehyde, some alcoholic beverages contain carcinogenic substances such as asbestos fiber, arsenic and nickel; Carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzopyrene) may also be produced during the fermentation and distillation of wine and alcoholic beverages.
4. Smoking: Cigarettes contain a large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, formaldehyde and other carcinogens, which are related to lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, lip cancer, tongue cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer and cervical cancer.
5. Second-hand tobacco smoke: In the cold smoke exhaled by smokers, the tar content is twice as high as that in the hot smoke inhaled by smokers, and the benzopyrene content is twice as high.
6. Smokeless tobacco: including chewing tobacco and snuff, etc. The content of nicotine and nitrosamine is higher, and it contains carcinogens such as formaldehyde, arsenic and cadmium.
7.N’- nitroso-nornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N- methyl nitrosamino) -1-(3- pyridyl) -1- butanone (NNK): two nitrosamine compounds existing in tobacco and smoke can induce a variety of cancers.
8. Processed meat (intake): cured meat contains more nitrite and phosphate, and smoked meat contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzopyrene).
9. Chinese salted fish: A large amount of nitrite is produced in the salting process, which may be related to nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
10. Areca nut: Areca nut has a lot of crude fiber, which will cause continuous damage to oral mucosa and lead to cancer. The alkaline substances and alkaloids contained in betel nut will destroy the cell membrane of mucosal cells and DNA of cells.
11. Betel nut chews containing tobacco: The cause of cancer is similar to that of betel nut. Tobacco only increases the toxicity of betel nut.
12. Betel nut chews without tobacco: The cause of cancer is similar to that of betel nut.
13. Outdoor air pollution: It is easy to cause lung cancer, and the risk of bladder cancer will also increase.
14. Outdoor air pollution containing particles: inhalable particles such as PM10 and PM2.5 are also considered to be extremely harmful to human health and will increase the risk of cancer.
15. Diesel engine exhaust: The exhaust gas contains hundreds of different compounds, which have been confirmed to be related to lung cancer and bladder cancer.
16. Indoor emission of domestic coal burning: it will emit carcinogens represented by benzopyrene, which is easy to induce lung cancer.
17. benzopyrene: a chemical substance found in coal tar, which is commonly found in automobile exhaust (especially diesel engines), smoke produced by burning tobacco and wood, and charcoal-baked food.
18. Benzene: the basic raw material of petrochemical industry, including paint, wallpaper, carpet, printer, automobile exhaust, synthetic fiber, building decoration materials, wood-based panel furniture and cigarette smoke. The products of benzene metabolism in human body will lead to the breakage and fragmentation of DNA chain and induce leukemia.
19. Formaldehyde: It has a wide range of industrial uses, and ordinary people are mainly exposed to formaldehyde through artificial boards in newly renovated homes. It can cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neonatal malformation, childhood leukemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, multiple myeloma, myeloid leukemia and so on.
20. Untreated or lightly treated mineral oil: used for making hair cream, hair oil, hair wax, lipstick, facial oil, skin care grease, etc., and also used as food additives. It is a by-product of petroleum and contains a variety of hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and other impurities may induce cancer.
radiation
21. Solar radiation: Excessive exposure, ultraviolet rays in the sun can lead to skin cancer.
22. Ultraviolet radiation (wavelength 100-400nm, including UVA, UVB and UVC): damages DNA in skin cells, leading to skin cancer.
23. Ultraviolet luminous sunbathing equipment: it releases ultraviolet radiation, damages DNA in skin cells and leads to skin cancer.
24. xanthotoxin (8- methoxsalen) with ultraviolet A radiation: xanthotoxin plus ultraviolet therapy is mainly used to treat skin diseases such as vitiligo and psoriasis abroad, but it may induce cell canceration.
25. Ionizing radiation (all types): Ionizing radiation is radiation that can ionize the affected substances, mainly including α-rays, β-rays, proton streams, neutron streams, X-rays and γ-rays. Ionizing radiation can induce various types of DNA molecular damage, thus causing cancer.
26. Radionuclide, alpha particle radiation, internal deposition: produced when heavy atoms (such as uranium and radium) or artificial nuclides decay, equivalent to helium nuclei, which can cause tissue damage and cancer.
27. Radionuclide, beta particle radiation, internal deposition: produced when radioactive nuclei decay, equivalent to electrons, which can cause tissue damage and cancer.
28.X-ray and gamma-ray radiation: produce ionizing radiation and destroy cell DNA.
29. Neutron radiation: Neutrons released from the nucleus by artificial methods can cause malignant tumors and leukemia.
Fission products, including strontium -90: heavy nuclear fission produces many radionuclides. Fission products are widely used in industry, agriculture and medicine. For example, krypton -85 is used as the energy source of β radioactive source and self-luminous lamp. Cesium -137 is a gamma radiation source; Strontium -90 is a beta radioactive source; Technetium -99m is used for clinical diagnosis in nuclear medicine. Strontium -90 is easy to cause leukemia, and cesium -137 can cause liver cancer and kidney cancer.
31. Radioactive iodine, including iodine -131: commonly used in cancer chemotherapy, but also has carcinogenic risks.
32. Radon -222 and its decay products: Natural stones may contain radioactive radon, and building materials are the main source of indoor radon.
33. Radium -224 and its decay products: All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, and ionizing radiation can make fluorescent substances glow.
34. Radium -226 and its decay products
35. Radium -228 and its decay products
36. Thorium -232 and its decay products: natural radionuclides, large-scale earth-rock engineering such as mining and tunneling, and nuclear fuel waste disposal.
37. Plutonium: a radioactive element, an important raw material for the atomic energy industry, and a fission agent for nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons. Plutonium tends to accumulate in the liver and bones, causing cancer in human tissues.
38. Phosphorus -32, phosphate form: a radioactive isotope of phosphorus. Phosphate is mainly used for adjuvant treatment of some malignant tumors, and it is carcinogenic.
virus bacteriaParasites and toxins
39. Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection): Hepatitis B virus can cause DNA rearrangement and DNA fragment loss, and reduce the degradation ability of liver cells to other carcinogens. Suggestion: Vaccinate against hepatitis B..
40. Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection): The core protein of the virus is closely related to liver cancer.
41. Human immunodeficiency virus type I (infection): that is, AIDS virus, which can synthesize DNA and integrate it into the DNA of the host cell, causing cancerous transformation of the cell, especially when the cellular immunity is destroyed and the immune surveillance function is lost. Suggestion: wear a condom! Wear a condom! Wear a condom!
42. Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59: DNA viruses. At present, more than 130 kinds have been isolated, which are divided into high-risk and low-risk types, and different types will cause different clinical manifestations. Among them, high-risk types 16 and 18 are the main types of cervical cancer. Suggestion: Girls should be vaccinated after they are 12 years old.
43. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I: change the DNA of host lymphocytes, make cells proliferate and divide continuously, and induce leukemia.
44. Epstein-Barr virus: a herpes virus, which is transmitted through saliva and mainly causes acute infectious mononucleosis. It is related to many malignant tumors such as T-cell lymphoma.
45. Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus: a herpes virus that can cause Kaposi’s sarcoma (endothelial cell tumor) and primary exudative lymphoma.
46. Helicobacter pylori (infection): It is mainly transmitted through mouth-to-mouth and feces-to-mouth. Long-term settlement in the stomach will gradually destroy the gastrointestinal wall and cause gastric cancer. Suggestion: once found, try to cure it.
47. Clonorchis sinensis (infection): Also known as clonorchis sinensis, it is mainly infected by eating uncooked freshwater fish or shrimp containing clonorchis sinensis metacercariae. It can cause proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells and carcinogenesis, mainly adenocarcinoma. Suggestion: Try not to eat drunken shrimp, drunken crab, freshwater fish and sashimi.
48. Clonorchis musk deer (infection): Infected by eating raw fish containing metacercariae, similar to clonorchiasis sinensis. Parasitic in the hepatobiliary duct, inducing cholangiocarcinoma.
49. Schistosoma japonicum (infection): Mainly distributed in Africa, southern Europe and the Middle East, it can cause bladder cancer.
50. Aflatoxin: It is a metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. It mainly exists in moldy peanuts, corn, soybeans, rice, wheat and other grain, nuts and oil products. Eating food containing low concentration of aflatoxin for a long time is considered to be the main cause of liver cancer, gastric cancer and intestinal cancer. Aflatoxin mainly interferes with the synthesis of RNA and DNA Suggestion: When you eat bitter nuts, spit them out quickly, and then rinse your mouth. Once the chopping board at home is moldy, don’t use it again.
Anticancer drugs and other drugs
51. Bai Xiaoan: an anticancer drug for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. By alkylating with guanine in cell DNA, the structure and function of DNA are destroyed, which may also cause cancer.
52. chlorambucil: Anticancer drugs are used to treat Hodgkin’s lymphoma, several non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma and some breast cancers. It will cause cross-linking of DNA chains and affect DNA function, thus causing cancer.
53. Naphthalene nitrogen mustard: an anticancer drug, which is used to treat Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is now rare. Causing cross-linking of DNA chains affects DNA function, thus causing cancer.
54. Cyclophosphamide: anticancer drug, used to treat malignant lymphoma, acute or chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, breast cancer, testicular tumor, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma. Cross-linking with DNA inhibits DNA synthesis and interferes with DNA and RNA functions.
55. Melphalan: an anticancer drug used to treat multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. It works by destroying the DNA structure.
56. Etoposide: an anticancer drug, mainly used to treat small cell lung cancer, malignant lymphoma, malignant germ cell tumor and leukemia, as well as neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer and esophageal cancer. Act on DNA enzymes, making damaged DNA irreparable.
57. Combination of etoposide with cisplatin and bleomycin: combined chemotherapy scheme, mainly used for ovarian germ cell malignant tumor and laryngeal cancer.
58. Combined chemotherapy with 58.MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, methylbenzyl hydrazine, prednisone) and other alkylating agents: the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma has cancer risk.
59. Smestatin [1-(2- chloroethyl) -3-(4- methylcyclohexyl) -1- nitrosourea, methyl-cyclohexylnitrosourea]: an anticancer drug, mainly used to treat malignant melanoma, malignant lymphoma, brain tumor, lung cancer, etc.
60. tamoxifen: an anticancer drug used to treat breast cancer and ovarian cancer.
61. Triaminothion: an anticancer drug used to treat ovarian cancer.
62. Shu Fan: Anti-cancer drug, mainly for lung cancer.
63. Azathioprine: an anti-rejection drug used in organ transplantation, which can inhibit the synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein through antagonism with purine, and can induce cancer.
64. Cyclosporin: an anti-rejection drug for liver, kidney and heart transplantation. Because of immunosuppression, it will increase the risk of cancer.
65. Diethylstilbestrol: synthetic estrogen. It can cause adenocarcinoma of female reproductive system and carcinogenesis of fetus through placenta.
66. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy: It may increase the incidence of breast cancer and endometrial cancer (controversial).
67. Estrogen-progesterone menopause treatment (combination): It may increase the incidence of breast cancer and endometrial cancer (controversial).
68. Estrogen-progesterone oral contraceptives (combined): can induce liver cancer and increase the risk of breast cancer and cervical cancer.
69. Phenacetin: antipyretic and analgesic drugs have been banned in many countries. Large doses may induce kidney cancer and bladder cancer.
70. Analgesic mixture containing phenacetin: It is often made into compound preparations with aspirin, caffeine, phenobarbital, etc. It is used to treat fever, headache, toothache, neuralgia, etc., which can cause serious kidney damage and liver damage, and induce kidney cancer and bladder cancer.
71. Aristolochic acid: Some studies believe that aristolochic acid mainly induces liver cancer through gene mutation, and some studies believe that large doses of aristolochic acid may induce precancerous lesions in the liver by changing the epigenetic "inflammatory cancer transformation mechanism" through non-gene additivity.
72. Plants containing aristolochic acid: Aristolochic acid widely exists in plants of Aristolochiaceae. Common medicinal materials containing aristolochic acid include Aristolochia, Clematis, Aristolochia, Aristolochia manshuriensis, Aristolochia manshuriensis, etc.
Industrial products and their pollution
73. Cadmium and cadmium compounds: Cadmium is mainly used to make alloys, nickel-cadmium batteries, solders and semiconductor materials. Ordinary people mainly ingest cadmium by inhaling cadmium in polluted air and eating cadmium-contaminated crops (such as rice containing cadmium). Fish, shrimp and snails in rivers polluted by cadmium are usually enriched with cadmium. Cadmium can increase the risk of lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer and digestive tract tumors.
74. Chromium (VI) compounds: Wastewater from leather manufacturing and metallurgical chemical industry pollutes water bodies, farmland and aquatic products, and then enters the human body. Chromium (VI) compounds have strong oxidation and are harmful to digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin and mucosa. The cancer-causing site is mainly the lung.
75. Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds: Arsenic exists in rocks as inorganic arsenic compounds in nature. Arsenic trioxide is commonly known as arsenic Arsenic-containing wastewater and wastes discharged from industrial and mineral development, arsenic-containing pesticides and herbicides used in agriculture are all sources of arsenic. It can cause skin cancer and lung cancer. Remind parents in rural areas to wear long-sleeved clothes and masks when playing pesticides.
76. Nickel compounds can be used to manufacture ceramics, glass, catalysts, magnetic materials, electronic components and storage batteries. Nickel compounds can induce oncogene expression and cancer cell expansion in human body.
77. Beryllium and Beryllium compounds: Beryllium and Beryllium compounds are mainly used in alloys, atomic energy, rockets, missiles, aviation and space navigation. After entering the human body, insoluble beryllium oxide is mainly stored in the lungs, which can cause lung cancer. Soluble beryllium compounds are mainly stored in bones, liver, kidneys and lymph nodes, which cause pathological changes in organs or tissues and cause cancer.
78. Asbestos (various forms, including actinolite, chrysotile, amphibole, chrysotile, crocidolite and tremolite): Asbestos is a general term for natural, fibrous and silicate minerals. Mainly used in fire-resistant asbestos textiles, water pipes, insulation boards and thermal insulation materials in buildings, electrical appliances, automobiles and household goods. Asbestos itself is non-toxic, but fine asbestos dust will attach and deposit in the lungs, causing lung cancer and mesothelioma in pleura and peritoneum.
79. Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole: Similar to asbestos, it is easy to deposit in the lungs, which can induce lung cancer and mesothelioma in the pleura and peritoneum.
80. Maozeolitic: a rare natural ore, similar in nature to asbestos, can cause mesothelioma in pleural and peritoneal positions.
81.2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: The most toxic monomer of all dioxin types, which is not artificially produced and has no use, is the product discharged from burning garbage and industrial waste without treatment.
82.2,3,4,7,8- Pentachlorodibenzofuran: a kind of dioxins, which can damage the immune system, nervous system, endocrine system and reproductive function. Long-term excessive intake may cause malignant tumors in multiple systems and parts.
83. Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have WHO toxic equivalent factor (TEF) (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189): they are classified as "dioxins" and have similar toxicity.
84. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): synthetic organic substances, which are used as heat carriers, insulating oils and lubricating oils in industry. Waste discharged from factories is the main source of pollution. It can be absorbed through skin, respiratory tract and digestive tract, and enriched in human body, causing diseases of brain, skin and viscera and affecting nervous, reproductive and immune systems. The main organ that causes cancer is liver.
85.3,4,5,3′,4′- pentachlorobenzene (PCB-126): It is mainly used as a heat-resistant and flame-resistant plasticizer, which is related to the occurrence of liver cancer.
86. Pentachlorophenol (polychlorophenol): It is mainly used as herbicide in paddy fields, preservative and mildew inhibitor for textiles, leather, paper and wood. It is teratogenic and carcinogenic to human body. Dioxin compounds will be released when burning.
87.4,4′- Methylene bis (2- chloroaniline) (MOCA): Curing agent for synthetic rubber and epoxy resin, which has cancer risk.
88.4- Aminobenzene: It is an intermediate of pesticides and dyes. It is mainly used for organic synthesis, making dyes and making rubber antioxidants. It can be inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin.
89. benzidine: an intermediate of synthetic dyes, which can easily induce bladder cancer after long-term exposure.
90. benzidine produced by dye metabolism: some dyes may produce benzidine after metabolism, which leads to structural and functional changes in DNA of human cells.
91.2- Naphthylamine: Used for making dyes and organic synthesis, and also used as organic analytical reagent and fluorescent indicator. Long-term exposure has the risk of inducing bladder cancer.
92. O-toluidine: mainly used as dye, pesticide, medicine and organic synthesis intermediate, which can induce bladder cancer.
93. Vinyl chloride: used as a comonomer of various polymers, an important raw material in the plastic industry, and also used as a refrigerant, which can induce hepatic angiosarcoma.
94. Trichloroethylene: It has been used as an analgesic and a metal degreasing agent, and it can also be used as an extractant, a bactericide, a refrigerant and a clothes dry cleaning agent. It is related to many cancers such as liver cancer and kidney cancer.
95.1,3- butadiene: It is the raw material for manufacturing synthetic rubber, synthetic resin and nylon. It can cause malignant tumors in cardiovascular, lung, stomach, liver, breast and kidney.
96. Lindane (hexachlorocyclohexane): Agricultural pesticide, commonly known as HCH. It is associated with breast cancer and rectal cancer.
97.1,2- Dichloropropane: the raw material for the manufacture of pesticides, insecticides, detergents, rubber and medicines, which is considered to be the culprit for the frequent occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma in Japanese printing industry (used to remove ink attached to printing machines).
98. Ethylene oxide: a bactericide in washing, pharmaceutical, printing and dyeing industries. Long-term exposure will increase the risk of leukemia and malignant tumors in hematopoietic system.
99. Bis (chloromethyl) ether; Chloromethyl methyl ether (industrial grade): They are mainly used in the production of anion exchange resins and sulfadiazine drugs, etc. Long-term contact can cause lung cancer.
100. Sulfur mustard gas: chemical weapon mustard gas, scientific name is diethyl sulfide dichloride, which can cause skin and immune system cancer.
Industrial production process and occupational exposure
101. Painters, painters, painters, etc. (occupational exposure): Pigments contain heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury and chromium, and paints and organic solvents contain benzene and formaldehyde. Long-term exposure will increase the risk of cancer.
102. Rubber manufacturing: In the production process, there are many chemical additives, which are easy to contact carcinogens such as aniline, causing bladder cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer and leukemia.
103. Steel casting (occupational exposure): Many links may lead to high incidence of cancer, such as benzopyrene in furnace smoke.
104. Hematite mining (underground): Exposure to dust during mining may lead to lung cancer. Radon escaping from underground will cause ionizing radiation.
105. Crystalline silica dust in the form of Shi Ying or FangShi Ying: Workers who have been engaged in mining, quarrying, stone crushing and working in glass factories, ceramics factories and enamel factories for a long time are prone to frequent inhalation of silica dust, which is not only prone to respiratory diseases, but also has a higher risk of heart disease and cancer.
106. Welding dust: It contains harmful substances such as manganese dioxide, nitrogen oxides, fluoride and ozone, and also contains fine metal particles such as heavy metal cadmium.
107. Wood dust: contains carcinogens such as wood tar and benzopyrene.
108. Leather powder: common in the process of shoemaking, which is easy to cause nasal cancer.
109. soot (occupational exposure of chimney cleaners): carcinogens such as benzopyrene exist in soot.
110. Coal gasification: pollutants such as dust, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide and carcinogens such as coal tar, benzene and phenol will be produced in the industrial process.
111. Coal tar distillation: carcinogens such as benzene and benzopyrene will be produced in the industrial process.
112. Coal tar pitch: the residue after distillation and extraction of fractions from coal tar is mainly used to produce pitch coke, road asphalt, various asphalt anticorrosive paints, etc., and contains carcinogens such as benzopyrene.
113. Shale oil: The oil contained in shale may cause occupational skin cancer.
114. Coke production: carcinogens such as benzene and benzopyrene will be produced in the industrial process.
115. Acheson method related to occupational exposure (making silicon carbide by electric arc furnace): This is an industrial method of making silicon carbide by mixing quartz sand and coke, and carcinogens such as coal tar and benzopyrene are emitted during smelting. Silicon carbide is mainly used to make wear-resistant materials, circuit components, photovoltaic products and so on.
116. Aluminum production: Aluminum production may produce dust such as alumina and petroleum coke, and harmful substances such as fluoride, sulfide, asphalt smoke and carbon monoxide.
117. Production of auramine: Auramine is a chemical used as a dye and dye intermediate for dyeing fabrics, paper and leather. The production process (including exposure to other chemicals) is related to the increase of bladder cancer.
118. Production of magenta: magenta is mainly used for dyeing textiles such as silk, acrylic fiber and wool. Workers who produce magenta dyes have an increased risk of bladder cancer.
119. Strong inorganic acid fog: refers to the foggy acid substances formed by inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which mainly appear in the process of acid use in chemical industry, electronics, metallurgy, electroplating, textile (chemical fiber), machinery manufacturing and other industries, and have cancer risk.
120. Using strong acid to produce isopropanol: Isopropanol is an important chemical raw material, which is mainly used as dehydrating agent and cleaning agent in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, plastics, spices, coatings and electronics industries. Isopropanol is not a carcinogen, but strong acid treatment may cause cancer.
* Note: ① The original list is sorted by the English initials of carcinogens, and the classification is added by the editor for reference only. ② A carcinogen mentioned in this article can cause some cancers, which refers to a possibility after long-term and excessive intake. If you only eat a little occasionally or touch it occasionally, don’t worry, it’s still safe.