Korean War, Vietnam War and Afghanistan War … … Today, we will briefly review many wars launched by the United States after World War II and see what kind of war crimes this "world’s biggest source of chaos" has committed.

　　Korean War

　　Overview — — On June 25th, 1950, the Korean Civil War broke out. The Truman administration of the United States brazenly intervened with its Cold War mentality and ambition to dominate the world and contain communism, and rallied the so-called "United Nations forces" to launch an all-out war against the DPRK. On July 27, 1953, the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed, and the three-year Korean War ended.

　　Loss — — Although the Korean War was short but extremely bloody, more than 3 million civilians died and about 3 million people became refugees. According to the statistics of the DPRK, the war destroyed about 8,700 factories, 5,000 schools, 1,000 hospitals and 600,000 families, and 2 million children under the age of 18 were displaced by the war.

　　According to the data, the US military secretly carried out germ warfare in northern Korea and parts of northeastern China. U.S. Air Force captive O ‘Neill said in his confession: "The U.S. military chose to start germ warfare in winter … … Is to test the cold-resistant bacterial weapons we made in a special laboratory. The ultimate goal is to use these bacterial weapons in germ warfare against countries with cold climates such as the Soviet Union and people’s democratic countries. "

　　Voice — — "This is a wrong war with the wrong enemy in the wrong place and at the wrong time." Omar bradley, then chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said.

　　This is a Korean child who was injured in the Korean War. Xinhua news agency

　　Vietnam War

　　Overview — — In 1955, Vietnam War broke out. During the war, the United States fostered the pro-American regime in South Vietnam against North Vietnam. On May 14th, 1961, American "Special Operations Forces" invaded South Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, the last US helicopter left Saigon.

　　Loss — — The Vietnam War killed 2 million civilians and displaced more than 3 million refugees. The US military is throwing about 20 million gallons of defoliants (orange agent), resulting in 400,000 Vietnamese deaths and 2 million Vietnamese suffering from cancer or other diseases. The US military is still leaving behind about 350,000 tons of explosive bombs and mines, and it is estimated that it will still take 300 years to completely remove them.

　　In March 1968, American soldiers slaughtered more than 500 people, including men, women and children, in Mylai village, Vietnam’s generalized province. This was the Mylai village massacre that shocked the world. According to the Los Angeles Times, in addition to the massacre in Mylai Village, there were at least 320 other incidents in which American troops massacred Vietnamese civilians during the Vietnam War, killing nearly 700 civilians.

　　Voice — — Former US President Barack Obama said in a speech in front of the Vietnam War Memorial Wall in 2012 that the cost of war is huge, and it will cause serious casualties among innocent civilians. War itself is not glorious and should be rejected.

　　This is the wreckage of the US B-52 bomber displayed at the Vietnam Military Museum in Hanoi, Vietnam. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Gao Mengjin)

　　Kosovo War

　　Overview — — On March 24, 1999, NATO, led by the United States, brazenly bombed Yugoslavia under the banner of "preventing the humanitarian crisis in Kosovo" without the authorization of the United Nations, and the Kosovo war broke out. In June, NATO signed an armistice agreement with Yugoslavia, and Kosovo was temporarily entrusted by the United Nations.

　　Loss — — The war killed more than 2,000 innocent civilians, injured more than 6,000 people, displaced nearly 1 million people, and lost more than 2 million people’s livelihood, resulting in economic losses of more than 200 billion US dollars to Yugoslavia. According to statistics, NATO troops used at least 31,000 depleted uranium bombs, which led to a sharp increase in the incidence of cancer and leukemia in this region and had a long-term disastrous impact on the local and European ecological environment.

　　Voice — — German writer Michael Luders once wrote in his book that after the Kosovo War in 1999, NATO went beyond the principle of collective self-defense and launched a military operation against Yugoslavia, which caused civilian casualties in the name of humanitarianism. This shows that in the eyes of the United States and the European Union, human rights are only a secondary concern, especially when human rights standards are only applied to non-allies.

　　On February 19, 2008, in the center of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, pedestrians walked past a building destroyed by air strikes during the Kosovo war. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wu Xiaoling photo

　　Afghanistan War

　　Overview — — After the September 11th terrorist attacks in 2001, the United States and its allies launched a military strike against Afghanistan in early October of that year on the grounds that the Taliban in Afghanistan refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al Qaeda, and quickly overthrew the Taliban regime and stationed troops for a long time. On August 30, 2021, local time, the last US military transport plane took off from Kabul International Airport. This "longest war in American history" ended in the sudden withdrawal of the US military.

　　Loss — — According to statistics, 47,245 Afghan civilians and 66,000 to 69,000 Afghan soldiers and policemen unrelated to the September 11th incident were killed in the US military operations, and more than 10 million people were displaced. The United Nations World Food Program issued a warning in 2021 that about 98% of Afghans do not have enough food, and Afghanistan is facing "avalanche hunger and poverty".

　　During the war, U.S. warplanes bloodbath Laccagni village in Panjiwai district of Kandahar province and launched air strikes against it, killing 63 villagers, including a family of 17 people, and injuring dozens. The day before the complete withdrawal from Afghanistan, the U.S. military fired missiles at a white car parked in the courtyard of a family in Kabul, killing a family of ten people, including seven children.

　　Voice — — "The killing of civilians, including children, by the US military in air strikes has exposed the hypocrisy of the so-called human rights defenders in the United States. The international community should condemn the US for trampling on human rights and bring the criminals to justice." A villager in Laccagni village expressed such anger.

　　On December 16, 2003, the US military patrolled Wardak province in central Afghanistan. The war in Afghanistan, which lasted for nearly 20 years, became the longest war in American history. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Lei photo

　　Iraq war

　　Overview — — In March 2003, the United States and its western allies bypassed the United Nations Security Council and invaded Iraq on the grounds that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, despite the strong opposition of the international community. On August 18, 2010, the last US combat brigade left Iraq, marking the end of US military operations. On December 15, 2011, the United States officially announced the end of the US military mission in Iraq.

　　Loss — — The war made the land that gave birth to the civilization of the two rivers riddled with holes, resulting in the death of about 200,000 to 250,000 civilians, of which more than 16,000 were directly killed by the US military. According to statistics, the total number of depleted uranium bombs exploded in Iraq exceeded 3,400 tons. Today, there are still about 25 million mines and other explosive remnants to be removed in Iraq. The Iraq war also broke the balance between the political forces in the Middle East after the Cold War, making the people’s livelihood in the region miserable and chaotic.

　　In November 2003, the Iraqi citizen Ala Karim Ahmed was arrested and imprisoned by the US military. In prison, American soldiers used police dogs, whips and shackles to force him to confess. According to Alla Karim Ahmed, at that time, the prison was often attacked by mortars from anti-American armed men. The US military could hide in bunkers, and the detainees had to resign themselves to fate. A shell landed in the prison, killing 37 people and injuring 104 others. In 2004, the photos of American soldiers abusing prisoners in Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were exposed, which shocked the world.

　　Voice — — The website of Atlantic Monthly published an article: "Americans never really understand the cost of war, but they continue to fight. Only Iraqi civilians know the geometry of the cost of war."

　　A citizen of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, once said sadly: "The United States has set Iraq back for 100 years."

　　On April 14th, 2003, dozens of American Black Hawk and Apache helicopter gunships arrived in Kuwait to take off from the port of Kuwait City to reinforce the Iraqi front. Xinhua News Agency reporter Li Xiaoguo photo

　　[Syrian War]

　　Overview — — When the Syrian civil war broke out in 2011, the United States and its western allies strongly supported the opposition armed forces and tried to overthrow the Syrian government. In September 2014, the United States initiated the formation of an international alliance to combat the extremist organization "Islamic State", expanded the scope of air strikes against the target of "Islamic State" from Iraq to Syria, and established several military bases in eastern Syria. Since 2017, the United States has launched an air strike against Syria on the grounds of "preventing the Syrian government from using chemical weapons."

　　Loss — — From 2016 to 2019, Syria recorded 33,584 civilians who died in the war. Among them, 3833 people were directly killed by the bombing of the United States-led Coalition forces, half of whom were women and children. According to the American public television network, the so-called "most accurate air strike in history" launched by the US military alone killed 1,600 Syrian civilians. The war has caused the people’s livelihood in Syria to wither. According to a survey conducted by the World Food Program in April 2020, about one-third of Syrians do not have enough food, and 87% of them have no savings.

　　Voice — — Wada Issa, a Syrian political activist, once said: "They (the United States) steal our resources here, create chaos and wreak havoc, and even have the nerve to call themselves suffering the Syrian people ‘ Savior ’ 。”

　　On September 1, 2016, several Syrian children sat in front of the Harjele refugee camp in the southern suburbs of Damascus, the Syrian capital. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yang Yushe

　　According to the data of the "War Cost" project of Watson Institute of Brown University in the United States, the total number of military and civilian deaths caused by the war launched by the United States in the "post-9.11 era" is as high as 929,000, and at least 38 million people have been displaced, and this is only a "very conservative estimate", and the actual number may be between 49 million and 60 million.

　　In addition to directly launching or participating in wars, the United States frequently interferes in other countries’ internal affairs by directly or indirectly supporting proxy war, inciting other countries’ civil wars, providing weapons and ammunition, and training anti-government armed forces, which seriously damages the social stability, public safety and healthy economic development of the countries concerned.

　　"The biggest source of chaos in the world", the United States deserves its name!

　　Reporter: Sun Nan.

　　Editor: Liu Yuanyuan

When everyone is avoiding embarrassment, the variety "Fifty Kilometers of Peach Blossom House" will"embarrassed"As his own signboard.

In the first season, the word-of-mouth was very unsatisfactory, and even the second season was released.

The program puts "embarrassment" on the table in a careless way, and presents all kinds of uncomfortable behaviors such as rubbing hands and scratching ears of guests in front of the audience.

Be proud of embarrassment and make embarrassment a selling point.The guests in front of the camera are in a dilemma, and I am in the throat outside the screen. What is this variety show playing?

Let’s take a look at the original intention of the program self-report:

"Explore the various faces of social life in contemporary society under the changes of different social distances, and write new answers to the beautiful social life."

What kind of presentation?

Invite 15 guests with different ages and personalities to get together and live together for 21 days. The 15 guests came from all walks of life, including actors, models, athletes, talk shows and piano players, as well as online celebrity and singers …

It’s more like a social experiment than a variety show.

The essence of variety shows is to entertain the public, but it is obviously difficult for this program with a "social experiment style" to be associated with "entertainment".

Why don’t you just find another way for the program group, and then create a topic with "embarrassment".This gives the audience a kind of pleasure like "watching the excitement", which can also be regarded as entertaining the public in a certain sense?

Because of the variety tone of entertaining the public, the program group must find ways to make the guests collide with sparks, instead of really leaving people in front of the camera like social experiments.

Chatting together, eating together, even sleeping together will be a big shop, which can be described in four words:There is nothing to hide.

In this way, the first impression of the program becomes chaos.

Fifteen people live in one room, which is extremely crowded objectively and quite messy subjectively. In a word, it makes people feel bad.

This is the audience’s point of view, and from the guest’s point of view, it is even more speechless.

Everyone is flocking to do anything. Just talking about washing dishes, it is clear that one or two people can solve the problem, but a group of people can be surrounded.

Don’t they know that they are actually embarrassed to stand there? Of course I know, but I can’t help it.

The camera is there, others are washing dishes, and it’s embarrassing to sit by yourself. Standing next to it is also a sense of participation, seeking a little comfort for the heart.

The embarrassment caused by too many guests is still secondary. The program regards embarrassment as the first color, so it is really uncomfortable to be ashamed and proud.

There is also a game in which two guests who are most embarrassed with each other dance a tango, and they can get contribution value.

What’s the use of contribution value? It’s about all their expenses here.

In other words, they must be embarrassed to dance a passionate tango with the most unfamiliar and "unsuitable" people in order to "live".

If you don’t jump, you won’t have food. Will you jump? Personality self-publicity, such as Eric Wang, has to be obedient.

Such hegemony is not only embarrassing, but also terrible.

In the first phase of the program, I always emphasize one thing:At present, everyone is unfamiliar.

The subtext is that the social embarrassment caused by strangeness will be alleviated in the next few issues.

Why is it so sure?

The program will bring 15 people together to live in groups, and the last thing is that everyone will blend in as in the poster.

I don’t care what your original personality is, and I don’t care whether you like socializing or whether you prefer being alone. All this is pushing you and forcing you to get rid of "social fear" and become a "social cow".

This is the biggest problem of the program "Fifty Kilometers of Peach Blossom House 2".

The social roles of the guests in the program can be completely ignored. For example, Silence Wang is no longer regarded as a singer, Eric Wang is no longer an actor, and Wu Muye is no longer a pianist. We just need to regard them as 15 amateurs with different personalities.

Among the 15 guests, the people who took the most shots and spoke the most were several Northeasters.

In many people’s inherent impression, most people in Northeast China are extroverted, familiar and sociable. They in the program, and indeed so. It can be said that the atmosphere of the whole program is supported by a few of them.

We envy the extroverted people who can talk with the stranger Kan Kan, and we like to watch them chat with each other.

On the other hand, should introverts and inarticulate people be discriminated against?

Some people like to socialize, while others prefer to be alone.

Some people tend to fight side by side with their teammates, while others prefer to fight alone.

Some people enjoy singing in front of everyone, while others prefer to whisper silently in the middle of the night when no one is around.

······

The world is wonderful because there are all kinds of people.

But "Fifty Kilometers of Peach Blossom House 2" doesn’t seem to allow the latter to exist. At the beginning of the program, the tune is "good social life".

Is social life necessarily beautiful? Small groups of three or two people are still fighting in secret, and a large group of 15 people must be like family? What kind of fairy collective is that?

Especially at the end of the program, Song Dandan asked everyone to save a bonfire party, and everyone would come out to perform their talents.

If the whole program is like a "group building" organized by the company, then the party proposed by Song Dandan is undoubtedly an "annual meeting" of the company. Older elders with high status have made demands. Even if the younger generation is reluctant, are they really embarrassed to say it? The purpose of socializing is actually communication, but the differences in ideas between generations and the different status in the circle will undoubtedly make communication very difficult. Song Dandan certainly meant well, but when her proposal was heard by young people, it became a source of embarrassment.

To tell the truth, such a performance party is not even as good as the annual meeting of the company. At least you can win an award at the annual meeting, but in the program, you get nothing.

The way Song Dandan lets everyone put on the show looks like a child being dragged out by his parents to perform in front of his relatives.

The extroverted child has a calm face, and the introverted child can’t wait to get into the crack.

Originally, they only had different personalities, but the latter was denied and scolded by adults, and was defined as "worthless". "Fifty Kilometers of Peach Blossom House 2" gives people the feeling that it is so absurd.

Cecilia Boey’s discomfort:

Jesuli Chen’s embarrassment:

Wu Muye at a loss:

Eric Wang’s resistance:

······

Some people are naturally unsociable. Is it wrong?

The program group even regards "solitude" as a punishment, and the person with the lowest contribution will be "exiled" to live alone on the island for one night.

After the first program was broadcast, Song Dandan became the target of public criticism. The audience thought that she was leaning on the old and selling the old, forcing everyone to hold a party and give a program, and supporting Eric Wang, thinking that he was right and cool.

It can be seen that everyone is surprisingly disgusted with this kind of social binding.

The perspective can be expanded. Isn’t the whole Fifty Kilometers Peach Blossom Noon 2 a Song Dandan?

Forcing 15 people to live a beautiful group life together, those who don’t "fit in" will be exiled, and the punishment is "one night alone". I really can’t laugh at this magic.

Looking back, it is really disgraceful to watch the program group clip out the embarrassment of social phobia and present it on the screen as a gimmick for the audience’s entertainment.

The pictures in this article are from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact and delete.

Finally, back to the initial question, what is this variety show broadcasting, or what is the point of view?

Is it an embarrassing moment of social fear? Or the peace and love of 15 people from strangers to family?

It takes 21 days to try to reverse the character formed by their 20 or 30 years’ experience, which is probably the only joke in Fifty Kilometers of Peach Blossom House 2.

Ha ha ha ha, I smiled, you are free.

[Editor’s note]

In the period when the major strategy of rural revitalization is fully implemented, field research on rural areas is particularly important.

What kind of perspective will scholars returning to the countryside in the Spring Festival observe their familiar countryside? The report column of The Paper think tank published a group of "scholars’ rural investigation reports", inviting scholars to observe and explore the effective path of rural revitalization from many different dimensions, such as rural governance, villagers’ employment, rural industrial status, rural pension, rural education and rural marriage and love market, hoping to provide valuable reference for rural revitalization.

Paper-cut pictures are provided by Zhongyang Wuxiaofen Paper-cut Studio.

At present, while the urban environment is improving day by day, rural environmental problems are becoming more and more prominent, such as "garbage surrounding villages", rural water environmental pollution, and all kinds of wastes "going to the countryside", which are still far from the people’s desire for a better life and building a well-off society in an all-round way. Rural environmental pollution is a prominent shortcoming that restricts rural revitalization.

The comprehensive improvement of rural human settlements is closely related to the production and life of hundreds of millions of farmers, and it is one of the yardsticks to reflect the progress of civilization. Recently, the author went to Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other places for field research, and found that from the reality, various places have successively carried out a series of practical explorations, such as improving the appearance of villages, improving rural human settlements and building beautiful countryside, and achieved certain results. But on the whole, rural environmental governance is still dominated by the government, lacking a long-term market-oriented mechanism.

Quzhou intelligent garbage sorting system. Photo courtesy of the author

Investigation on the current situation: rural environmental governance is dominated by the government and lacks market-oriented means.

In recent years, with the rapid economic development, the problem of rural ecological environment pollution has become increasingly prominent. Research shows that the per capita output of domestic garbage in rural areas is about 0.8 kg per day. What’s more, for a long time, due to the lack of specialized personnel and funds in rural areas, many rural garbage disposal work in China has been blank. Judging from the 588,000 administrative villages in China, only 218,000 have effectively treated domestic garbage, accounting for only one third of the country. The situation of "garbage surrounding villages" is grim. Judging from the situation of water pollution in rural areas, the domestic sewage in rural areas in China exceeds 8 billion tons every year, but the sewage treatment rate is less than 10%. The vast majority of rural sewage is directly discharged into rivers and farmland, which affects crop production and agricultural product quality.

Strengthening the comprehensive improvement of rural environment has become a major issue to be solved urgently in the process of promoting rural revitalization in various places. Through on-the-spot investigation, the author found that the current comprehensive management of rural environment mainly faces the following three problems to be solved urgently:

(A) infrastructure debt, investment.For a long time, China’s rural infrastructure is weak and there are many historical debts, which require a lot of money. Although the country has invested a lot of money in new rural construction and rural revitalization in recent years, after all, there are more than 480,000 towns and 690,000 villages in China, and the conditions in many mountainous villages are very bad, and the amount of funds needed for infrastructure construction is huge.

(2) Social capital investment is high and the return is low.The comprehensive management of rural environment has high social capital investment, low market return rate and poor profitability of enterprises, which leads to poor enthusiasm for social capital investment. Many rural environmental governance needs a large amount of funds, and financing loans are difficult, which can not produce intuitive economic benefits quickly. For enterprises, it is a project with low return on investment and poor profitability.

(3) There are great differences in technology and it is difficult to copy.Compared with urban environmental governance, there are differences between rural pollutants and urban environmental governance in composition, technology and technology, which cannot be completely replicated. Taking sewage treatment as an example, the composition and content of pollutants in rural sewage and urban sewage are different, so the investment in urban sewage treatment construction and market-oriented operation mode of enterprises cannot be universal.

Empirical case: give play to the role of marketization and work together to solve rural environmental problems

(A win-win situation between government and enterprises to create "Qujiang experience"

For rural areas, the task of garbage sorting is arduous and difficult to last. In the past, township and village cadres independently managed the garbage sorting work, and it was inevitable that cadres would press the gourd to float the ladle. Qujiang District, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province, implements the rural "garbage revolution" and implements the third-party service of garbage classification according to the enterprise operation mode, which can make town and village cadres change from "in front of the stage" to "behind the scenes" and from "athletes" to "referees", effectively grasp the "tangible hand" of the government and the "public hand", form a benign interaction mechanism with the public and third-party enterprises, and ensure the durability and effectiveness of government supervision manpower.

Third-party operation and maintenance integrates the market resources of the industry, and the practice has formed a hierarchical structure and overall law of early source classification and reduction, medium-term recycling of renewable resources, and late landfill and incineration treatment and gradual reduction, clarifying the access of each link of garbage disposal, reducing the burden on township and village cadres, bringing profits to enterprises, giving villagers paid feedback, and reducing environmental pressure, thus forming a win-win situation for all parties.

After the third-party operation and maintenance, 14 towns (streets) in Qujiang District are managed by one company as a whole, which can put an end to the malpractice of caring management. According to the requirements of enterprise personnel management, the original team of cleaning staff is screened out, people with good performance and good health are retained, older and lazy people are dismissed, new people who meet the post requirements are recruited, and a skilled, literate, obedient and dedicated cleaning team is reorganized, so as to dig deeper into cleaning staff. The "cleaning grid" and "general grid" will complement each other and promote each other, and we will fully promote the "1+5" classified cleaning mode of cleaning+classification, cleaning+sorting, cleaning+recycling, cleaning+publicity and cleaning+inspection, which will inject a steady stream of new power into grassroots governance. Up to now, there are 1,432 cleaning teams in Qujiang, and 56 cleaning grids are divided, with an average of 26 cleaning staff in each cleaning grid. In addition, 14 film lengths and 56 squad leaders are equipped to implement the "three-fixed" grid management of personnel, posts and responsibilities to ensure that the responsibilities are assigned to people.

(B) cadres and masses to jointly promote the "toilet revolution."

Small things in rural areas are connected with people’s livelihood. It is not easy to do these "small projects", such as changing toilets in rural areas, treating rural garbage and sewage, and improving the appearance of villages. Who will do it, how to do it and how to run it?

The author learned from the investigation in Changshan County, Zhejiang Province that the government of Changshan County attached great importance to the "toilet revolution" in rural areas, and in April 2017, it took the lead in innovating and launching the director system of public toilets in the country, thus setting off a "toilet revolution" throughout the county. Ye Meifeng, secretary of the county party committee, is the general director of public toilets in the county, while the deputy secretary of the county party committee and the deputy county magistrate are the general directors of public toilets in rural areas and urban areas respectively. In urban areas, the directors of public toilets are the cadres of the county housing and construction bureau and the secretary of the street party working committee, while in rural areas, they are divided into the secretary of the township party committee and the village committees. Every public toilet in the county has its own strengths, and efforts are made to solve the problems of low-grade public toilets, old facilities, poor hygiene and inadequate management, and comprehensively carry out the "300 Action" to reform

"Don’t look at our village, where the village roads are washed, the ancient trees are green, the courtyards and toilets are clean and tidy. A few years ago, there were weeds, piles of garbage, dirty toilets and mosquitoes flying all over the sky." Ye Jiqiang, secretary of the branch of Xucun Village, said with deep feelings. In recent years, Xu Cun put forward the brand of "Dream-chasing Party Branch", which has changed from a weak village with prominent sectarian contradictions, difficult to unify the masses’ thoughts and backward work in various centers to a famous "Golden Nail Village" in the county.

(C) not to rely on solving the "garbage around the village"

Rural environmental governance cannot be separated from capital investment, but it does not mean that money is a necessary condition for rural environmental governance. In other words, "the more money the state invests, the better the rural environment will be" is a misunderstanding. Here, the author takes a field survey of a village in Jiangxi Province to build a garbage pool as a case to explain.

Since 2016, in an F village in Jiangxi Province, villagers have begun to feel the great troubles caused by garbage surrounding villages, and environmental problems have become a major headache for villagers. Someone in the village suggested building a garbage disposal pool, and the village head naturally agreed, but the key question came-where did the money come from? The village has applied to the superior several times, and the result is "no money", and the village has thousands of dollars on its books. Some people suggest that you should stop expecting your superiors to allocate money and build it yourself. But the problem comes again. It is not easy to mobilize the whole village to raise funds in rural areas. There are nail households and poor households in the village, and the conditions of each family are different. The final result of "waiting, relying and wanting" is that the construction of garbage pools is delayed again and again. Later, several young people who worked outside the home couldn’t sit still when they went home during the Spring Festival. They went to the village head to discuss it, stopped "waiting, relying and wanting" and organized the villagers to build it themselves. The final plan is: in terms of mobilization, the village head and several young people who are working hard outside are responsible; In terms of funds, part of the village collective, part of the young people, and part of the villagers voluntarily raise funds, and those who do not contribute to work and contribute; In terms of work, each family has at least one job, which can be flexibly discussed according to the amount of capital contribution; In terms of purchasing materials, young people are responsible. Finally, all the families at home in the village have at least one job, a total of 70 jobs; The cost of materials, such as cement, stone, sand, bricks and tiles, pipes, etc., totaled 7,500 yuan, and the final cost of the village was less than 10,000 yuan. At the same time, the follow-up garbage pool cleaning was carried out in a long-term way of "village collective contribution+township donation+villagers’ work".It is estimated in the village that it is reasonable to spend more than 30,000 yuan if the garbage disposal pool is funded by the government.

The above cases show that "having money to do things well" does not mean "having no money to do things". Rural environmental governance needs to establish a diversified fund-raising mechanism, but it needs to open up ideas, explore and innovate, give play to people’s subjective initiative, and use limited funds on the cutting edge. From the perspective of fund raising, try to raise more funds for rural environmental governance. But more crucially, it is not entirely driven by money. We should use our brains and market-oriented operation ideas to guide rural environmental governance to a more long-term sustainable development path through the instigation of capital investment.

Countermeasures and suggestions: establish a market-oriented long-term mechanism for rural environmental governance

(A) "Government" and "market" make concerted efforts to control the rural environment.

The difficulty of rural environmental governance lies in "market failure". "Market failure" and "government failure" are the reasons for rural environmental pollution and low governance efficiency. Therefore, we should adopt the method of economic analysis to study and put forward the countermeasures of combining government and market, and "government" and "market" should work together. For the vast rural areas, it is difficult to manage the rural water environment only by a large amount of government investment. From the perspective of multi-center governance, it is proposed that the market can play a positive role in effectively allocating resources in rural non-point source pollution control.

Based on the fact that rural environmental pollution is different from the characteristics of cities, and the rural environment has the characteristics of small but many pollution sources and wide and scattered pollution sources, we can give full play to the vast rural land space, natural degradation and digestion capacity and appropriate environmental carrying capacity, adopt ways suitable for rural environmental governance, such as returning compost to fields, natural digestion and small ecological wetlands, compare and analyze the governance model with the government as the main body and the autonomy model with villagers as the main body, and put forward effective ways of rural environmental governance combining government with market.

(2) Explore the market-oriented mode of "market packaging" for river regulation.

For the water environment management of rural rivers, we can adopt the common operation mechanism of rural river regulation and market-oriented mode. The government can realize the long-term market-oriented management of rural river regulation by establishing the modes of "raising rivers by rivers", "raising rivers by dikes" and "raising rivers by ponds".

The government contracts the river and coastal public land to individuals or enterprises through inviting tenders, and the government signs contracts with the contractors. The river contractors need to fulfill the obligations of daily work such as river dredging and cleaning, and take the initiative to accept government inspections and supervision complaints from the masses. At the same time, the river contractor can obtain the corresponding rights, that is, the right to use the land on both sides of the river, from which the contractor can obtain economic benefits in other ways.

(C) the introduction of PPP model to manage the rural environment with diversified and integrated thinking

By introducing PPP model to rural environmental governance, we should fully consider the relevance between rural environmental governance projects and other rural related industrial projects. From the perspective of industrial integration, we should jump out of the simple "financing thinking" and adopt "packaging strategy" to promote diversified governance through system construction, and promote professional and market-oriented operation through improving price mechanism and preferential policies. Market-oriented operation and enterprise management play a role in the comprehensive improvement of rural environment, and the third-party property company can play the leading role through the government’s purchase of services, which can explore the market-oriented path of rural environmental improvement in the construction of new countryside.

(The author Jiao Xudong is a Ph.D. student in the Research Center for Cleaner Production and Circular Economy of china environmental science Research Institute, mainly engaged in theoretical and policy consultation and research on circular economy, environmental governance, rural revitalization, county green development, etc. As the main author, he participated in the drafting of the State Council’s major policy documents such as the Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Establishing a Complete and Advanced Recycling System for Waste Commodities, and participated in the research and formulation of the national policy of "exchanging old appliances for new ones" all the time. )

　　Xinhua News Agency, Wuhan, March 21st (Reporter Xiong Jinchao, Feng Guodong) Take your own house as collateral at your own risk; Facing the loss of more than 600,000 yuan caused by breach of contract, take the initiative to take responsibility and honor the promise … … Liao Zaijie, a post-1995 Hubei boy, gave up the job opportunity of being a "white-collar worker" in Wuhan, returned to his hometown and started a business with the e-commerce knowledge he had learned from Wuhan universities, and sold 8.5 million Jin of "online celebrity" rice with his friends, so that the villagers in poor areas got on the fast train to get rich. Recently, his entrepreneurial experience has been widely forwarded on the Internet, and many netizens praised him and his friends as "affectionate and responsible ‘ After 95 ’ " .

　　Return home to start a business and take the initiative to help slow-moving agricultural products find a way out.

　　"At that time, in my hometown, many people didn’t understand e-commerce. I want to bring more folks to do things together. But some people say that we are liars. " Recalling the beginning of the business, Liao Zaijie, born in 1996, said.

　　At the age of 17, Liao Zaijie was admitted to a university in Wuhan. During his school days, he began to explore the entrepreneurial sales software. Because of his quick brain, he quickly made achievements and went home for the New Year with more than 100,000 yuan in his first year of work.

　　When he graduated in 2016, he plunged into the hottest wave of e-commerce entrepreneurship at that time. "I want to go back to the countryside after staying in the city for a long time. After all, my home is in the countryside. Now that the rural areas are developing rapidly, I can make some contributions to my hometown with what I have learned. " Liao Zaijie said.

　　In 2016, Liao Zaijie and several small partners returned to their hometown to start a business. They first turned their attention to the agricultural products of their hometown. "The variety of agricultural products here is very rich. The more difficult the country is, the more authentic the agricultural products are. But because of the scattered distribution, the planting scale is not large, and there is no brand ‘ Blessing ’ Therefore, the sales are not smooth. " Liao Zaijie said.

　　In order to find a stable supply of goods, they rode motorcycles and traveled all over the villages around Tianmen and Jingshan, introducing e-commerce plans and telling how to sell these agricultural products quickly at higher prices through the Internet.

　　However, due to traffic congestion and poor information, they were turned away in several villages. Many villagers don’t understand their "PPT" and don’t trust them. Some even call them "liars".

　　"Empathy, villagers can’t accept it, and it’s normal. Later, after discussion, we decided to show sincerity first and buy goods in the village with cash. At your own risk, you will lose money. " Liao Zaijie said.

　　They started from scratch and encountered financial difficulties. The cash can’t be turned around, so Liao Zaijie and others took their own house and car as collateral to make a loan, and took the money from the loan to purchase in the village.

　　In 2017, the eggs of farmers in Lvlin Town were unsalable, and Liao Zaijie bought 120,000 eggs from the town in cash; The nectarines in Wusan Town couldn’t sell at a good price, and many farmers simply gave up picking. Liao Zaijie bought another 200,000 Jin of nectarines. The sales of chestnuts in Caowuzhen and other places are not good. He bought 800,000 Jin of chestnuts … …

　　After several rounds of "testing water", local unsalable agricultural products were sent to the "fast lane" of e-commerce by Liao Zaijie and entered thousands of households in the city through express delivery. Three actions to help farmers also brought about 3 million yuan of income to local farmers.

　　Create online "direct supply of producing areas" and successfully promote 8.5 million Jin of "agricultural" rice for hometown.

　　"Truly high-quality products should start from the source of goods, reach out to farmers who cultivate products, and let the concept of quality go deep into farmers, so that more and better agricultural products can be acquired to form a positive cycle." Liao Zaijie said.

　　Liao Zaijie found that the main consumer groups of agricultural products and local products mostly come from big cities such as North, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen. Behind the popularity of products is the pursuit of quality by consumers. Therefore, he believes that only by grasping the quality can we win the market.

　　"Control quality needs to be slowly compared." Liao Zaijie said. "For example, in order to understand the quality of rice, we went to five or six towns to see rice. Good rice has luster first. The color of new rice is brighter, and the color of old grain is darker. But color is not the only criterion, mainly depends on taste. The temperature difference between day and night in mountainous areas is relatively large, and the rice produced is chewy. "

　　In 2017, Liao Zaijie found in Sanquan Village, Yongxing Town that the rice planted near the spring eye tasted good, so it was tried out online and was loved by consumers. So, he cooperated with the village with springs in Jingshan City to sell this kind of rice. In order to ensure the quality, they only compared four suppliers for rice packaging bags before finalizing them.

　　Rice has become the fist product of Liao Zaijie’s e-commerce sales. Up to now, the sales volume of rice he sold has reached 8.5 million Jin. Today, Liao Zaijie has set up fixed purchasing points in more than 30 poor villages such as Baiquan Village in Caowu Town, jingshan county and Guangwuling Village in Sanyang Town. Some villages also took the initiative to invite Liao Zaijie to check in the fields.

　　With the increase in sales, farmers in some poor villages have increased their income significantly. Liao Zaijie also hired poor villagers to engage in warehouse management and solved the employment problem of 20 local villagers.

　　"Entrepreneurship is to start a career."

　　Orders keep coming from all directions, and troubles follow. In 2017, Liao Zaijie lost 610,000 yuan due to insufficient stocking, which made him fall into the "ice hole" when he was still in the early stage of his business.

　　"That year, dried persimmons sold very well, and I prepared 20,000 orders. I thought I could meet the demand, but when I refreshed the page that night, I found that I added 1000 orders every minute. I felt that I might not be able to supply the goods, so I didn’t sleep well at night. When I woke up the next day, I found that there were 130,000 orders and thought it was over … …” Liao Zaijie recalled.

　　Liao Zaijie was claimed more than 600,000 yuan for his failure to complete the delivery within the agreed time. The loss far exceeds the sales profit.

　　Liao Zaijie said: "At that time, some people said that I was ‘ Shoot yourself in the foot ’ . Some friends said don’t send anything, leave the stall to the e-commerce platform to clean up, and just cancel your account. But I don’t want to do this. Honesty is precious. If your reputation is bad, how can you face farmers in the future? "

　　After this incident, Liao Zaijie’s e-commerce credit value rose instead of falling. He learned his lesson seriously and never made similar mistakes again. In the hearts of the villagers, his credit value is also higher.

　　"The villagers also trust us more. Growers with large output also offered to sell first and then settle accounts, which greatly reduced our financial pressure. " Liao Zaijie said.

　　Liao Zaijie said: "Starting a business is to create a career, and success or failure cannot be judged by how much money you make. For rural e-commerce entrepreneurship, if the quality concept is rooted in the hearts of farmers, whether it is earning or losing, I think it is successful. "

　　　　The rise of mobile phone short messages and the Internet not only provides convenience for people to exchange ideas and information, but also becomes the carrier of many rumors. According to statistics, since the beginning of this year, the province’s public security organs have investigated and dealt with 64 cases of fabricating lies on the Internet and publishing false and insulting illegal information, and given public security punishment or admonition to 60 illegal suspects according to law. Yesterday (20th), the spokesperson’s office of Jiangsu Provincial Public Security Bureau informed the media of three typical cases.

　　　　Rumor 1: "An AIDS group deliberately picks their teeth and bleeds in restaurants."

　　　　"Don’t use toothpicks in restaurants in the near future. Recently, an AIDS group used toothpicks to pick their teeth in restaurants around the country and put them back in the toothpick box after bleeding, maliciously infecting AIDS! Please be careful! "

　　　　This is a piece of information that was verified as pure fabrication by the public security organs in other provinces as early as mid-May. Including the public security organs of our province, they have promptly refuted rumors, hoping that people will not panic unnecessarily.

　　　　The police found that since July 11, this short message has actually started to circulate in our province, and the sending volume has suddenly increased, and people all over the country have reported receiving this short message. For a time, it caused a lot of panic in society. After careful investigation by the police, the originator in our province is a Du surnamed owner with the number of 1361611 ×××××. Du Mou does business in Sichuan all the year round. Recently, the public security organs arrested Du Mou in Ya ‘an, Sichuan, and also arrested Cao Mou who used the same mobile phone to send text messages with the same content. The two were detained by the public security organs according to law.

　　　　After review, the two confessed that after receiving this short message in early July, out of curiosity, they forwarded it to relatives and friends in large quantities, and sent more than 200 short messages with the same content from July 11 to 14 alone.

　　　　Proverb 2 "Jingjiang was sure that Tsinghua was chased to death by the traffic police"

　　　　At 7 o’clock on the evening of July 31st, netizen "Honest Monk" posted a post entitled "Jingjiang-Tsinghua Enrolled Students Being Chased to Death by Traffic Police" on the BBS forum of Taizhou "Too Boring" website, saying that the father and son went out on a motorcycle together and were inspected by traffic police on the way. Because he didn’t wear a helmet, he was stopped by the traffic police and fined. The father who drove the motorcycle ignored it and rushed over. The traffic police chased after him, causing the motorcycle to get out of control too quickly, and the son sitting behind was killed. It’s a pity that my son has been admitted to Tsinghua University. When the news reached home, the child’s mother went insane on the spot.

　　　　As soon as this post came out, it immediately caused "total anger" on the Internet. At the same time, it also attracted great attention from the leaders of the provincial public security department, and asked Jingjiang Public Security Bureau to find out the situation immediately. According to the investigation by Jingjiang Municipal Public Security Bureau, the netizen Ju, who goes by the pseudonym "Honest Monk", is 29 years old and is an electrician in a certain unit. On the evening of the 31st, after hearing this false story, Jumou not only did not verify it, but fabricated this appalling "news" according to his imagination and published it online. The police visited and investigated the six students admitted by Jingjiang to Tsinghua University this year, and found no traffic accidents.

　　　　On August 3rd, Jingjiang Internet Management Leading Group Office held a press conference to inform the media of the truth. The public security organs also announced the detention of the dishonest "honest monk" Ju.

　　　　Rumor 3: "There will be a shooting on campus, and the death toll will exceed that of Florida in the United States."

　　　　On April 18th, a post appeared in xici’s "Jiangsu City Forum" column, which was really frightening. The post titled "Shooting in the Campus of Suzhou ××× Middle School" said: "(Shooting) will happen soon, although it is not the worst shooting incident in China, the death toll will definitely exceed that of Florida in the United States." The netizen who posted this post is called "Hamlet AAA".

　　　　The Provincial Public Security Department and Suzhou Public Security Bureau immediately organized an investigation. A few hours later, Suzhou police arrested the poster Xu in a residential area in Canglang District, Suzhou. 27-year-old Xu, unemployed, used to be an English teacher in Suzhou XX Middle School. Xu confessed that because he had a holiday with the school leaders when he was working in XX Middle School, he thought that the school leaders and teachers crowded him out, which made him unable to work normally. In order to vent their dissatisfaction, two posts were published in the same column of the same website on April 12 and April 18, respectively, namely, "Middle School Students in Suzhou have a Serious Violence Tendency" and "Shooting in the Campus of Suzhou XX Middle School", which maliciously vilified Suzhou XX Middle School and fictional shooting incidents, and admitted that the contents of the two posts were pure fiction.

　　　　Xia Cunxi, a spokesman for the Provincial Public Security Department, revealed at the press conference that Jiangsu public security organs will set up a unified logo of "110 alarm booth" and "virtual police" icons in the main website forums in the province in the near future, which will be publicly managed online according to law, accept reports of illegal crimes by netizens, and promptly discover and resolutely crack down on all kinds of online illegal and criminal activities. (Correspondent Shen Gongxuan, reporter Zhu Yulei)

　　　　■ Do not believe in rumors after editing.

　　　　"Three people make a tiger" and "spreading rumors with false information" are idioms used by the ancients to describe the spread form and harm of rumors. In fact, today, with the increasingly developed inquiry system, every individual can borrow modern communication tools such as mobile phone short messages and the Internet, and it is easy to win the gold.

　　　　In some rumors’ self-reports, "boredom", "venting" and "revenge" are their initial motives for causing this abnormal public opinion. However, public opinion is powerful, and the greater the spread and the more false elements, the more destructive it will be to others and even society. When it develops to the extent that it interferes with people’s normal life and even affects the harmony and stability of society, rumors are no longer irrelevant "just talking" and become out-and-out illegal acts.

　　　　"Rumors stop at wisdom" is the way to curb the spread of rumors under the condition of oral communication. In modern society, stopping rumors depends more on citizens’ sense of responsibility and legal system. On the one hand, for unconfirmed or difficult-to-confirm information that may have a significant impact at the same time, everyone should ask why, think independently, don’t make a fuss, and don’t see the wind as rain. Do not spread rumors, do not believe rumors, and do not spread rumors. On the other hand, although the network is virtual, the responsibility goes hand in hand and is real. In this briefing, the police repeatedly stressed that both mobile phone users and netizens should be cautious, and their words and deeds should be responsible for the law, society and individuals. The network is both virtual and realistic. Those who irresponsibly fabricate and spread rumors, disrupt social order, affect social stability and even bring social panic will be severely punished according to law. Zhu xinlei

Editor: Li Xingcun

Fast Technology reported on May 21st that this week Huawei officially launched the first HarmonyOS folding computer, Huawei MateBook Fold Extraordinary Master, and its price started at 23,999 yuan.

Now Huawei official website has given the official maintenance price of MateBook Fold, in which the normal price of screen components is as high as 14,879 yuan and the preferential price is 13,079 yuan.

The official refurbished special screen is priced at 9179 yuan. If you choose to exchange rights, the price of screen components is 6539 yuan and the special screen is 4589 yuan.

Specifically, the battery maintenance price of this product is 499 yuan, the motherboard is 5209 yuan (original price is 7399 yuan), the battery back cover/back cover bracket is 379 yuan, the motherboard back cover is 579 yuan, and the keyboard is 1499 yuan.

The computer is equipped with the world’s first 18-inch double-layer OLED display, adopting LTPO technology (first commercial application to PC field), supporting 3.3K resolution, 1600 nits HDR peak brightness and 2 million: 1 contrast ratio. The superposition of these technologies leads to the extremely high cost of the screen assembly itself.

In addition, in terms of hinge technology, MateBook Fold adopts 285mm basalt water drop hinge, uses zirconium-based liquid metal materials and mortise and tenon architecture technology, and its manufacturing cost and durability requirements far exceed those of traditional notebooks.

The World Health Organization has put forward that "one third of cancers can be completely prevented"-the so-called cancer prevention lies in "prevention". In China, lung cancer ranks first in terms of morbidity and mortality, so it is the top priority of prevention and control. On the occasion of the National Cancer Prevention and Control Publicity Week, China Cancer Foundation and the "medical community" hosted the "2020 Cancer Prevention and Control in Action" activity, and invited Professor Chen Haiquan from the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Cancer Hospital affiliated to Fudan University to tell us about lung cancer screening and prevention and control.

We have summed up five key words of Professor Chen Haiquan about early lung cancer screening and treatment. Come and take notes ~

01

Keywords: 1. Popularization of low-dose CT

When the sun rises in the east and it rains in the west, LDCT becomes a sharp tool for early lung cancer screening.

The National Lung Cancer Screening Test (NLST) began in 2002. A total of 53,454 smokers aged 55-74 from 33 research sites in the United States were randomly assigned to the LDCT group and the X-ray chest film group for regular lung cancer screening. The results of 6.5 years’ follow-up show that the screening of low-dose spiral LDCT once a year for three years in high-risk groups can increase the detection rate of lung cancer by 13% and reduce the mortality rate by 20%. NLST research is of great significance in the field of lung cancer screening. Because of ending the long-term controversy about whether LDCT can reduce lung cancer mortality, the research ended ahead of schedule and was published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Different from the West, the cost of low-dose CT screening in China can be said to be affordable for everyone. In the United States, it was not until 2014 that the government medical insurance covered the cost of low-dose CT screening, and at present it only covers people over 65, while people under 65 can only be covered by private insurance. However, in China, the situation of low-dose CT lung cancer screening is very different from that in the United States. The cost of low-dose CT screening in China is only 200 RMB, which can be said to be only the price of a steak in the United States.

The examination fee of low-dose CT in China is very low, and the radiation dose of low-dose CT is reduced by 75%~90% compared with conventional CT. At the same time, compared with X-ray chest film, it can find tiny lesions of several millimeters and tumors with tricky positions. Then, since low-dose CT screening has good screening advantages and economic popularity, which groups are suitable for lung cancer screening? In the United States, at present, the only high-risk population in NLST trial that proves that LDCT screening is effective is: the age is 55 -74 years old, with at least 30 packs/year of smoking history, and if you quit smoking, the smoking cessation time is less than 15 years. It is recommended to conduct low-dose CT screening for this group of people every year. And slightly different from the United States, China suggested that low-dose CT screening of high-risk groups should be more extensive, including:

Age ≥40 years old, and have any of the following risk factors:

1. Smoking ≥20 packs/year (or 400 packs/year), or smoking ≥20 packs/year (or 400 packs/year) and quitting smoking for < 15 years;

2 environmental or high-risk occupational exposure history (such as asbestos, beryllium, uranium, radon and other contacts);

3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis or previous history of tuberculosis;

4. Those who have suffered from malignant tumors or have a family history of lung cancer.

02

Keyword 2: Pay attention to new high-risk groups

New high-risk groups have emerged: young people, non-smokers and women.

In 2013 -2014, the thoracic surgery team of Fudan University Cancer Hospital conducted a LDCT lung cancer screening study (FUSCC) on residents in Minhang, Shanghai, and found a special group of lung cancer-young, non-smoking women. This subverts people’s previous cognition of high-risk groups of lung cancer (old age, smoking, male). In order to confirm this situation, the research team once again conducted LDCT screening on 8,392 hospital employees from 6 hospitals in different regions of China.

The results show that among 179 employees with lung cancer screened by CT, 147 are women, accounting for 82.1%, and only 32 are men. In terms of smoking habits, 167 people are non-smokers, accounting for 93.3%. The detection rate of women was 2.5%, which was significantly higher than that of men (1.3%). Among workers under 40 years old, the detection rate of lung cancer reached 1.0%. Therefore, this study once again pointed the high-risk group of lung cancer to young people, women and non-smokers.

Generally speaking, with the popularization of LDCT in China, the detection rate of early lung cancer has been greatly improved in the past 10 years. A phenomenon that cannot be ignored is that the incidence of lung cancer in China has increased significantly among young people, women and non-smokers. Therefore, this also poses two major challenges for our early lung cancer screening in the future:

1. Compared with the traditional definition of high-risk groups (old age, smoking, male), how to screen new high-risk groups such as "young, non-smoking, female"?

2. It is very important to study the etiology of young non-smoking female lung cancer population. How to further determine it in the future?

For more information on this topic, see: Do non-smoking women get more lung cancer? He pushed the "China issue" to the international level …

03

Keyword 3: Reasonable CT screening

The screening of early lung cancer is not covered by the whole population from young to old, but must distinguish between high-risk groups and low-risk groups. In view of the above-mentioned high-risk groups of lung cancer, it is recommended to conduct low-dose CT screening once a year; For low-risk people, CT screening can be accepted. If the result is negative, and if you keep a healthy lifestyle, you don’t need to check it every year. According to different age groups, you can choose to do CT screening every 3 years, 5 years and 10 years.

In addition, we also need to realize that CT can accumulate toxic dose, which will cause certain harm to human body. Because the screening methods of low-dose technology are harmful, according to the model of radiation hazard of atomic bomb explosion, it is estimated that in NLST screening test, one out of every 2,500 participants died of radiation. In addition, according to the current research data, in fact, most lung cancer patients are found in high-risk groups, such as smoking history, family history of cancer and so on. For non-high-risk groups, what we are emphasizing at present is to minimize unnecessary CT screening.

04

Keyword 4: GGO≠ Early lung cancer

Ground-glass nodules (GGO) are common in various lung diseases such as inflammation, edema, fibrosis and tumor. With the wide application of LDCT screening in clinic, we found that most of the lung cancers screened in China are asymptomatic, and most of them are GGO on CT. Therefore, it can be said that ground-glass nodular lung cancer has become the main target of lung surgery in China, but there is no conclusion on how to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of GGO.

In the past, patients were worried and hoped for an early operation after being diagnosed with GGO, so as to avoid future troubles. But in fact, the diagnosis of "pure ground glass nodular lung cancer" should wait and see; If there is a growing trend of pure ground glass nodules, reconsider the operation. Therefore, for GGO, we should pay more attention to close follow-up. If the lesions become larger, the density becomes solid and the solid components increase during the review, this nodule may become cancerous, so it needs timely treatment.

Treatment process of pulmonary small GGO found by CT (Fudan standard)

05

Keyword 5: Avoid excessive diagnosis and treatment

In the process of early screening of lung cancer, LDCT can effectively improve the detection rate and reduce the mortality rate, but some studies show that 18.5% of lung cancer found by CT screening is overdiagnosed. Clinically, how to avoid "overdiagnosis" and "overtreatment" is also an important issue. The so-called overdiagnosis and overtreatment are nothing more than treating benign lesions as malignant tumors, treating early tumors as advanced tumors, and treating inert tumors as rapidly progressing tumors.

In order to avoid the "excessive" problem, the Department of Thoracic Surgery of Fudan University Cancer Hospital has established a standardized treatment process for follow-up and intervention of ground-glass pulmonary nodules. In recent 10 years, the benign rate of lung surgery is less than 10%. In addition, the research team also took the lead in proposing the innovative concept of "Minimally Invasive 3.0" in the world, and proposed for the first time to guide the surgical resection scope of lung adenocarcinoma through intraoperative frozen pathology. Under the guidance of intraoperative frozen pathology, the diagnostic accuracy of differentiating pre-invasive adenocarcinoma from invasive adenocarcinoma can reach 96.1%. For pre-invasive adenocarcinoma (in situ adenocarcinoma or micro-invasive adenocarcinoma), sub-lobectomy is enough, while for invasive adenocarcinoma, standard lobectomy plus systematic lymph node dissection is adopted.

For patients with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia/adenocarcinoma in situ/microinvasive adenocarcinoma, the 5-year recurrence-free survival rate of patients after lobectomy is 100%. The study was published in Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2016, which also means that early lung cancer surgery has taken an important step towards accurate and individualized treatment.

Wonderful view

1. What do you think are the main reasons for the abnormal increase in the incidence of lung cancer among non-smoking women? How to treat this phenomenon?

Professor Chen Haiquan:

Smoking is still a high-risk factor of lung cancer: in recent ten years, although we have found that the incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking women has increased, there may be high-risk factors other than smoking, such as second-hand smoke, kitchen fumes, air pollution, etc., but the cause can not be determined at present, and further research is still needed. The incidence of lung cancer in non-smokers is increasing, but it doesn’t mean that quitting smoking can’t prevent lung cancer. Smoking is still a high risk factor for lung cancer. Smoking lung cancer and non-smoking lung cancer are actually two diseases. For preventing lung cancer, quitting smoking is still an effective method.

2. How do we conduct standardized lung cancer screening? How much is once in a while?

Professor Chen Haiquan:

Emphasis on standardized screening of lung cancer: we divide the screening of lung cancer into high-risk and low-risk groups. Even though we say that low-dose spiral CT screening of lung cancer is economical and effective, it is not aimed at all the people. For people with high risk factors such as smoking, genetic history and environmental exposure, we suggest that low-dose CT screening can be carried out once a year; For non-high-risk people with healthy lifestyles, if you have to screen for lung cancer, you can consider reducing the frequency and it is completely unnecessary to do it every year.

3. What are the early symptoms of lung cancer? Can you detect it in your daily life?

Professor Chen Haiquan:

Early lung cancer generally has no obvious symptoms: in clinic, most lung cancer patients have clinical symptoms and then go to the hospital for treatment, which is late. Under normal circumstances, even if there is a mass with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm in the lung, we actually don’t notice any obvious influence from our physical condition. However, in ordinary life, we can pay more attention to it. If there is irritating dry cough and secondary infection, there may be expectoration. Phlegm and blood; Bright red or mixed with foam sputum and other symptoms; Or there are clubbed fingers (toes) or bone and joint hypertrophy, male breast development and other "extra-pulmonary symptoms", so we should be vigilant and go to the hospital for CT screening in time.

Doctor-patient question and answer

1. I am 36 years old. In August, 2018, my left upper lung apex was resected, and I was diagnosed as a tiny invasive adenocarcinoma. At an early stage, the doctor said that I didn’t need chemotherapy or medicine. Here I would like to consult Professor Chen and give some advice on regular check-up, diet and exercise direction. Is it necessary to do genetic testing? At ordinary times, my lungs still feel a little swollen. (Do 3 to 4 CT reexaminations every year. Is exercise suitable for doing push-ups? )

Professor Chen Haiquan:

If the pathological result is micro-invasive adenocarcinoma, no adjuvant treatment is needed after operation. Such patients should be normal people’s work and life after operation. With regard to postoperative reexamination, 3-4 CT reexaminations per year are definitely too many. Although there is no guideline for the frequency of postoperative reexamination, many of our studies and foreign studies show that the recurrence rate of such patients is 100% in 5 years, so we suggest that CT reexamination should be done within half a year after operation. If all patients are normal and under 50 years old, they can be reexamined every 3-5 years.

2. Thin layers 23.52.81, 7*5 in both lungs, and two small glass nodules 52.55, 4 mm in the right lung. Do you want to deal with them? The local doctor told me to follow up after half a year, because I had left upper lobe resection two years ago, and this situation occurred in the follow-up visit this year. What should Professor Chen do?

Professor Chen Haiquan:

If the physical examination ct finds 4mm ground glass nodules, there will be no problem after one year.

3. In stage 1B of lung adenocarcinoma, 50% were papillae, 40% were acinus, 5% were microemulsion and 5% were solid. Involve pleura. EGFR19 mutation. Is it necessary to target prevention after chemotherapy?

Professor Chen Haiquan:

If it is stage IB lung cancer, the necessity of postoperative chemotherapy needs further study. Since it has been done, subsequent targeted therapy should be unnecessary.

Expert introduction

Professor Chen Haiquan

Chen Haiquan: Doctor of Medicine, chief physician, professor and doctoral supervisor. Director, Institute of Chest Tumor, Fudan University; Director, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University; Chief Expert, Multidisciplinary Diagnosis and Treatment Group of Chest Tumor; Director, Lung Cancer Prevention and Treatment Center. Former president of Shanghai Chest Hospital. Member of the American College of Thoracic Surgery (AATS) and member of the membership development committee (2016-2017). Member of Board of Education (2019-) International Director of American Association of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) (2016-2019), Member of European Association of Thoracic Surgeons (ESTS) and Director of Asian Association of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery (ASCVTS) (2016-). Vice president of thoracic surgeon branch of Chinese Medical Association, member of Standing Committee of Lung Cancer Committee of China Anti-Cancer Association, member of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery society of Chinese Medical Association, vice chairman of thoracic surgery branch of Shanghai Medical Association, and chairman of thoracic tumor committee of Shanghai Anti-Cancer Association. Editorial Board of J THORAC CARDIOV SUR, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of J CANCER RES CLIN, Editorial Board of Am J Transl Res and J Thorac Dis. He presided over two key projects of the National Natural Science Foundation, general projects, municipal and ministerial key scientific research projects, etc.

Internationally, we innovatively put forward "Minimally Invasive Lung Cancer 3.0", "Sublobar Resection Guided by Frozen Pathology" and "Selective Lymph Node Dissection in Lung Cancer Surgery". From 2013 to 2018, he was invited to give lectures at the American Society of Thoracic Surgery (AATS) every year. In 2016, he served as co-chairman of the 96th annual meeting of the American Society of Thoracic Surgery, and chairman of AATS Focus on Thoracic Surgery: China. In 2017, he served as the vice chairman of the joint meeting of the 9th Asian Thoracic Surgery Club (ATSC) and Korean Thoracic Surgery Oncology Association (KATSO). Since 2008, he has been invited to give lectures at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital of Harvard University, Kettering Cancer Center in Si Long (MSKCC), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Zurich University Medical Center, and Leuven University Medical Center. Since 2017, he has been invited to write four editorials for JTCVS. Schuster distinguished lecture ship, Brian Hospital, Harvard University, 2020. As a correspondent or the first author, he has published more than 170 papers in SCI journals such as Cancer Cell, JCO, ANN SURG, JTO, NC, CCR, Cancer, JTCVS, ANN THORAC SURG, etc.By the end of 2019, the innovative achievements of 16 papers and 20 sub-papers have been included in 10 international guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and molecular detection of lung cancer, such as ASCO, ESMO, IASLC and ACCP. Two papers were collected by UpToDate, an internationally renowned evidence-based medicine database.

Author: Huanhuan

Editor: Xu Jia

　　Beijing, January 30th, 2007 (Reporter Chang Yafei of the Central Television Station) Recently, there was a picture circulating on the Internet: the central government required "returning home from a low-risk area with a green code", but in the province, it became "negative proof of nucleic acid test", in the city, it became "home isolation", in the town, it became "nucleic acid proof+centralized isolation+home isolation", and in the village, it became "please leave gracefully". The reporter’s interview and investigation found that although this picture on the Internet has deductive elements, it is also a reflection of the facts at the grassroots level. Especially in some places, the epidemic prevention policy is "overweight" or even "one size fits all".

　　On January 27th, at the press conference of the joint prevention and control mechanism in the State Council, Zhao Chenxin, secretary-general and spokesman of the National Development and Reform Commission, and Zeng Yixin, deputy director of National Health Commission, proposed that all localities should not be allowed and do not want to make "one size fits all" treatment when implementing the relevant policies formulated by the state for returning home for the New Year, and should not block people from traveling and returning home, but should give more protection and convenience to the people. What problems did the "Spring Festival returnees" encounter? Why is the "return home policy" being "overweight" in implementation?

　　National Health Commission recently issued the Notice on Printing and Distributing the Work Plan of COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control in Rural Areas in Winter and Spring (hereinafter referred to as the Notice). The "Notice" clarifies that returnees need to return home with a negative result of effective nucleic acid test within 7 days, and implement home health monitoring for 14 days after returning home, during which they will not gather or flow, and carry out nucleic acid testing every 7 days. On January 14th, Xiao Li returned to a low-risk area in Benxi City, Liaoning Province from nangang district, a low-risk area in Harbin, with a negative report of nucleic acid test. When he returned to the village, he was asked to stay at home for 7 days.

　　Xiao Li told reporters: "Normally, those who return home from low-risk areas and have negative reports of nucleic acid testing can move at home normally without isolation. However, our village said that according to the superior’s opinion, I was still quarantined at home for 7 days. However, after the expiration of 7 days of isolation, no one gave me a nucleic acid test, and there were no measures and guarantees during the isolation process. In fact, it was a mere formality. "

　　Xiao Li said that because of the recurrence of the epidemic in Heilongjiang Province, his colleague Xiao Zhang returned to a low-risk area in his hometown of Hubei for 10 days and was isolated in his hometown. He said: "He had already returned home for about 10 days, and there were sporadic cases in Heilongjiang, so the local government asked them to concentrate on isolation again. From the day he came home, he was not released until 14 days after the quarantine expired. Not all of Hubei is like this, but only some parts of Hubei, such as a certain district or a certain township. This is actually the grassroots blindly pursuing prevention and control effects in the process of prevention and control without considering the actual situation. "

　　Mr. Wang from Shanghai recently returned his high-speed train ticket to his hometown in Jiaozuo, Henan. He said that in mid-January, he paid attention to his hometown’s policy of returning home. He learned from the neighborhood Committee that people returning from low-risk areas only need to provide proof of nucleic acid testing within 7 days and then monitor their health at home. He also took the initiative to declare his trip to the neighborhood Committee. But I didn’t expect that the feedback policy of the neighborhood Committee changed two days later: when he returned from Shanghai, he needed to be isolated at his own expense.

　　Mr. Wang said: "My mother called me and said that people in the community came to tell me that if I went back, I would go to the designated hotel for 14 days at my own expense. There is no point in going back like this, because the annual leave is only seven days. This is a soft way to let you not come back. "

　　Ms. Zhou from Anqing City, Anhui Province told the Voice of China reporter that she had planned to go back from Shanghai to visit her grandmother with a cerebral infarction during the Spring Festival, but because the community where her hometown is located requires that she be isolated at home for 14 days and have a nucleic acid test every seven days. Ms. Zhou calculated that the second nucleic acid test after returning home coincided with the date of the doctoral examination, and the neighborhood Committee stressed that the date of nucleic acid could not be revised, so she had to stay in Shanghai.

　　"Even if the nucleic acid testing, why can’t we reschedule? Wouldn’t it be nice to advance or postpone one day? But the people in the neighborhood Committee kept saying &lsquo; No &rsquo; . In the process of talking to the staff of the (neighborhood) Committee, I found it hard to accept what she said. She said, &lsquo; I don’t care if you are low-risk or what kind of risk, as long as you come to us, that’s it. &rsquo;” Ms. Zhou said.

　　Requirements of returning home for epidemic prevention and control in Anqing City, Anhui Province

　　The "overweight" epidemic prevention policy has also been corrected in some places.

　　On January 24th, a village in Linxi County, Xingtai, Hebei Province issued a notice forbidding villagers working outside to go home for the New Year. After being reported by the media, the village secretary said that there was something wrong with the statement of the notice, but he just hoped that the villagers outside would try not to go home and had corrected the notice. Some netizens also reported that in Taocheng District, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, residents’ committees or property requirements, if they have to return to Hengshui under special circumstances, need to report to the community residents’ committees for registration in advance. After the personnel arrive, they will be isolated for 14 days at their own expense. After media reports, residents’ committee staff said that they had received orders from their superiors to cancel the notice. At present, the requirement is to carry out nucleic acid testing twice within 3 days after returning home, and to monitor the physical condition at home during this period, and not to go out unless necessary.

　　Regarding the deformation of the policy of returning home during the Spring Festival in some areas, Yang Hongshan, a professor at the School of Public Administration of Renmin University of China, told the Voice of China reporter that this is a manifestation of insufficient refined management in some places. He said: "The relationship between epidemic prevention and control, local resumption of production and normal production and living order is actually a parallel relationship, not a one-way choice relationship. Therefore, we can see that in today’s local epidemic situation, maybe our place needs to take care of all aspects. Simply considering only one factor and pursuing absolute safety or absolute self-exemption may also be a manifestation of insufficient initiative and meticulous management in some places. In the process of operation, the basic top-down epidemic prevention and control policies and related laws and regulations are sometimes ignored by grassroots governments. "

　　Yang Hongshan believes that it is necessary to attract the attention of local governments through media publicity and reports, so as to urge them to take corresponding measures in time to stop the "overweight" epidemic prevention and control behavior. Local governments should adopt differentiated management by regions and levels, and pay more attention to "embroidery" and human feelings.

　　"Today, in the face of big data, there is also a collaborative management mechanism between different regions. It is necessary to take the clues of the epidemic itself as the guide, and adopt refined prevention and control measures for local and sporadic epidemics. In the case of complete control, just for the convenience of one’s own work, regardless of the convenience of the other party, and completely ignoring the interests and rights of the other party, it is actually a bit simple and rude, and it is also a manifestation of not taking measures according to people’s policies in local governance. The more you are in the grass-roots governance, the more you face the vivid reality, and the more you know all kinds of differentiated situations. In fact, in the process of grassroots governance, it is more necessary to consider the human touch. " Yang Hongshan said.

The municipal finance bureau, Shunde Finance and Taxation Bureau, county (city) finance bureau directly under the jurisdiction of the finance department, provincial units and procurement agencies:

　　In order to standardize the disclosure of government procurement information in our province, improve the transparency of government procurement, and strengthen the social supervision of government procurement, according to the Budget Law of the People’s Republic of China, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the Measures for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law in Guangdong Province, and the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Doing a Good Job in the Disclosure of Government Procurement Information, and other laws and regulations and government procurement-related regulations, we hereby notify you as follows.

　　First, the scope and subject of government procurement information disclosure

　　Procurement project information, including government procurement project budget, single-source publicity, procurement plan, procurement demand, pre-qualification announcement, procurement documents, procurement announcement, correction or change announcement, result announcement, procurement contract, acceptance report and other information, shall be disclosed by the purchaser or the procurement agency entrusted by him.

　　 Regulatory information, including complaints, supervision and inspection decisions made by the financial department, assessment results of centralized procurement institutions, and records of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors, shall be made public by the financial department.

　　Other government procurement information that should be disclosed by laws, regulations and rules shall be disclosed by the relevant subjects according to law.

　　The subject of government procurement information disclosure is responsible for the authenticity, integrity and compliance of the disclosed government procurement information.

　　Two, the government procurement information disclosure channels

　　The government procurement system in the online service hall of Guangdong Provincial Department of Finance (hereinafter referred to as Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network) is the designated public media of government procurement information in our province, and the information of government procurement projects must be made public in a unified format on the Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network.

　　In order to expand the coverage of information dissemination, government procurement information can also be published on the central main website of China Government Procurement Network (www.ccgp.gov.cn), China Finance and Economics News (China Government Procurement News), China Government Procurement Magazine, China Finance Magazine, and other media designated by local financial departments or purchasers’ own public channels.

　　The information of procurement projects with a budget of more than 5 million yuan and the information records of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors of government procurement are pushed to the central main website of China Government Procurement Network by Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network for release.

　　Three, the government procurement information disclosure content and time limit

　　Government procurement information includes government procurement project information, government procurement supervision information, and other government procurement information that should be disclosed as stipulated by laws, regulations and rules. In addition to information involving state secrets, commercial secrets and laws and regulations that should be kept confidential, government procurement information such as project budget, single-source publicity, procurement plan, procurement demand, pre-qualification announcement, procurement documents, procurement announcement, correction or change announcement, result announcement, procurement contract, acceptance report and regulatory information shall be disclosed to the public in a timely manner according to procedures.

　　(1) Budget of procurement projects.

　　 The budget amount of government procurement projects shall be disclosed in procurement announcements such as tender announcement, prequalification announcement, competitive negotiation announcement, competitive consultation announcement and inquiry announcement, as well as procurement documents such as tender documents, negotiation documents, consultation documents and inquiry notice. The budget amount of the procurement project is based on the government procurement budget in the departmental budget approved by the financial department; The projects purchased before the departmental budget is approved shall be subject to the government procurement plan in the detailed project budget approved by the financial audit; If the specific procurement items have been listed in the departmental budget, they shall be disclosed according to the budget amount of the specific procurement items in the departmental budget; If the procurement items are not listed in the departmental budget, the departmental budget shall be decomposed according to the actual work and made public according to the budget amount of the specific procurement items after decomposition.

　　(2) single-source publicity.

　　Meet the standard of the amount of public bidding, in line with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 31 of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipal Government Procurement Law, and can only purchase from a single supplier. Before reporting to the financial department for approval, the purchaser and the procurement agency shall publicize it in the media designated by the financial department at or above the provincial level. The publicity content shall include the purchaser; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Description of the goods or services to be purchased; Reasons for adopting single-source procurement method and related explanations; The name and address of the proposed unique supplier; Independent opinions of experts on the uniqueness of relevant suppliers due to patents, proprietary technology and other reasons, as well as the name, work unit and professional title of the experts; Comprehensive opinions of the expert group; Time limit for publicity; Contact matters, etc. The publicity period shall not be less than 5 working days. (See attachment format 1)

　　(3) Procurement plan.

　　The public content of the procurement plan shall include the purchaser; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Name of the purchased item; Budget amount of procurement project; Purchase quantity; Demand time; Procurement method; Filing time, etc. After the procurement plan is filed by the financial department, the system will directly push it to the public. (See attachment format 2)

　　(4) Announcement on soliciting opinions on procurement requirements.

　　The procurement demand shall meet the requirements of technology, service and safety stipulated by laws and regulations and government procurement policies.

　　For public service projects provided by the government to the public, the purchaser shall solicit public opinions at least 10 working days before determining the procurement demand, and the contents of the announcement for soliciting opinions shall include the name of the procurement project; Name of the purchased item; Announcement period; Time and method of feedback; Contact matters, etc. (See attachment format 3)

　　(5) Pre-qualification announcement.

　　The pre-qualification announcement period is 5 working days.

　　1. Invitation to tender and other prequalification announcements. The public content shall include the procurement project number; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Project contents and requirements (including government procurement policies to be implemented for procurement projects); Contents, standards and methods of prequalification; Qualification documents to be submitted by the supplier; Time for submitting the prequalification application documents; The place where the prequalification application documents are submitted; Announcement period; Contact matters; Procurement documents, etc. The time for submitting pre-qualification application documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of announcement. (See attachment format 4)

　　The results of pre-qualification examination shall be determined and announced within 3 working days after the deadline for registration. The public contents shall include the purchaser and his contacts; Procurement agencies and their contacts; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Supplier registration, review, etc. (See Attachment Format 5)

　　2. Announcement on procurement prequalification of government and social capital cooperation projects (hereinafter referred to as PPP projects). The public content shall include the authorized subject of the project; Project implementation agency; PPP project number; PPP project name; Purchasing demand of PPP project; Qualification requirements for social capital (for example, whether the consortium is allowed to participate in procurement activities, whether the quantity of qualified social capital to participate in competition is limited, the methods and standards for limiting, qualification documents, etc.); Policy requirements such as purchasing domestic goods and services, technology introduction and transfer, and guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantees; Time for submitting the prequalification application documents; The place where the prequalification application documents are submitted; Announcement period; Contact matters; Procurement documents, etc. The time for social capital to submit prequalification application documents shall not be less than 15 working days from the date of announcement. (See Attachment Format 6)

　　(six) procurement documents, procurement announcements, corrections or changes.

　　1. Procurement documents. Procurement documents refer to the bidding documents in bidding and other procurement methods that send invitations to suppliers. The procurement documents shall be made public at the same time with the procurement announcement or the announcement of the bid winning and closing results.

　　(1) The contents of the tender documents shall include the budget amount of the procurement project; Business conditions, procurement requirements, qualifications of bidders, bid quotation requirements, bid evaluation methods, bid evaluation standards and the text of the contract to be signed. The provision period of the tender documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date when the tender documents are issued.

　　(2) The contents of competitive negotiation documents shall include supplier qualification conditions, procurement invitation, procurement method, procurement project budget amount, procurement demand, procurement procedures, price composition or quotation requirements, response document preparation requirements, deadline and place for submitting response documents, amount and form of deposit payment, and criteria for evaluating the transaction, etc. Clarify the contents that may be substantially changed by the negotiating team according to the negotiation with suppliers, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft contract. It shall not be less than 3 working days from the date when competitive negotiation documents are issued to the deadline when suppliers submit their first response documents.

　　(3) The contents of the inquiry notice shall include supplier qualification conditions, procurement invitation, procurement method, procurement project budget amount, procurement demand, procurement procedures, price composition or quotation requirements, response document preparation requirements, deadline and place for submitting response documents, amount and form of deposit payment, and criteria for evaluating the transaction, etc. It shall not be less than 3 working days from the date when the inquiry notice is issued to the deadline when the supplier submits the response documents.

　　(4) The contents of competitive negotiation documents shall include supplier qualification conditions, procurement invitation, procurement method, procurement project budget amount, procurement demand, government procurement policy requirements, evaluation procedures, evaluation methods, evaluation criteria, price composition or quotation requirements, response document preparation requirements, amount and form of deposit payment, non-refundable deposit, possible substantial changes during negotiation, deadline, opening time and place for submission of response documents, and terms of draft contract, etc. It shall not be less than 10 days from the date when the competitive negotiation document is issued to the deadline when the supplier submits the first response document. The sale period of competitive negotiation documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of commencement.

　　(5) The contents of 5)PPP project procurement documents shall include the procurement invitation, instructions to competitors (including the requirements of sealing, signing and stamping, etc.), the qualifications, credit and performance certification documents that competitors should provide, the procurement method, the government’s authorization to the project implementation agency, the approval of the implementation plan and the relevant project approval documents, the procurement procedures, the requirements for the preparation of response documents, the deadline for submitting response documents, the opening time and place, the amount and form of deposit payment, and the evaluation method. Evaluation criteria, government procurement policy requirements, draft contracts and other legal texts of government and social capital cooperation projects, details of variable project contracts in the negotiation of procurement results confirmation, and whether suppliers who have not participated in pre-qualification are allowed to participate in competition and conduct post-qualification review, etc. It is clear that the project contract must be submitted to the people’s government at the same level for examination and approval, and the project contract shall not take effect before it is approved; Policy requirements such as purchasing domestic goods and services, technology introduction and transfer, and guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantees.

　　Where competitive negotiation or competitive negotiation procurement is adopted, in addition to the contents specified in the preceding paragraph, the project procurement documents shall also specify the contents that may be substantially changed by the evaluation team according to the negotiation with social capital, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft project contract.

　　 2. Procurement announcement.

　　(1) The contents of the public tender announcement shall include the number of the procurement project; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Purchase quantity; Contents and requirements of procurement projects (including government procurement policies to be implemented for procurement projects); Supplier qualification; The time, place and method of obtaining the tender documents and the selling price of the tender documents; Deadline for bidding; Place of submission of bid documents; Time of bid opening; Place of bid opening; Announcement period; Contact matters; Principal-agent agreement; Bidding documents, etc. The duration of the tender announcement is 5 working days. (See Attachment Format 7)

　　(2) The contents of competitive negotiation announcement, competitive consultation announcement and inquiry announcement shall include the procurement project number; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Purchase quantity; Project contents and requirements (including government procurement policies to be implemented for procurement projects); Supplier qualification; The time, place and method of obtaining negotiation, consultation and inquiry documents and the selling price of the documents; Deadline for submission of negotiation, consultation and inquiry documents; The place where the negotiation, consultation and inquiry documents are submitted; Time for negotiation, consultation and inquiry; Place of negotiation, consultation and inquiry; Announcement period; Contact matters; Principal-agent agreement; Competitive negotiation documents, competitive consultation documents, inquiry notices, etc. The period of competitive negotiation announcement, competitive negotiation announcement and inquiry announcement is 3 working days. (See Attachment Format 8)

　　(3) If the purchaser or procurement agency makes necessary clarifications or amendments to the issued bidding documents, prequalification documents, competitive negotiation documents and competitive negotiation documents in which suppliers are invited to participate by announcement, it shall issue a correction announcement in the original announcement media and notify all potential suppliers who have obtained the procurement documents in writing. The contents of the rectification announcement shall include the time of the original announcement, the name and number of the procurement project, and the reasons and contents of the rectification; Corrected deadline for bidding (response); Contact matters. (See Attachment Format 9)

　　If the clarification or modification may affect the preparation of bidding documents, prequalification application documents and response documents, a correction notice shall be issued at least 15 days before the deadline for bidding, at least 3 days before the deadline for submitting prequalification application documents, or 3 working days before the deadline for submitting the first response documents, and all potential suppliers who have obtained the procurement documents shall be notified in writing; If it is less than the above time, the deadline for submitting bid documents, prequalification application documents and response documents shall be postponed.

　　(4) The announcement of change refers to the announcement of extending the deadline of bidding and the time of bid opening. The contents of the announcement shall include the time of the original announcement, the name and number of the procurement project, and the reasons and contents of the change; The changed deadline for bidding (response); Contact matters. The notice of change shall be issued at least 3 days before the deadline for submission of bidding documents, and all recipients of bidding documents shall be notified in writing. (See Attachment Format 9)

　　(7) announcement of results.

　　1. Announcement of bid winning and closing results.

　　The bid winning and closing announcement period is 1 working day.

　　 (1) The contents of the announcement of the bid-winning and transaction results of government procurement projects such as open tender, invitation to tender, competitive negotiation, inquiry, single source and competitive negotiation shall include the number of the procurement project; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Procurement method; The name, legal representative and address of the supplier who won the bid and clinched the deal; Name, specification, model, quantity, unit price, bid, transaction amount and service requirements of the bid-winning and transaction target; Review date, review place, list of persons in charge and members of the review committee (negotiation group, consultation group, inquiry group or single-source procurement group); Evaluation opinions (if the supplier is recommended to participate in procurement activities in writing, the recommendation opinions of the purchaser and evaluation experts shall also be announced); Announcement period; Contact matters; Bidding documents, competitive negotiation documents, competitive consultation documents, inquiry notice, etc. The announcement of the bid winning and closing results shall be published within 2 working days from the date when the bid winning and closing suppliers are determined. (See Attachment Format 10)

　　The agreed designated procurement project shall also announce the shortlisted price, price adjustment rules and preferential conditions.

　　(2) Pre-winning bid of 2)PPP project and publicity of transaction results. The publicity content shall include the PPP project number; PPP project name; Procurement method; The name, legal representative and address of the social capital that won the bid in advance; The name of the pre-winning bid and the target of the transaction, and the publicity period; Contact matters; According to the procurement documents, response documents, relevant addendum documents and confirmation negotiation memorandum, the text of the project contract (the text of the project contract shall take the important commitments and technical documents in the social capital response documents of pre-winning bid and transaction as annexes, and the contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets may not be publicized). The project implementation agency shall, within 10 working days after the pre-bid and the social capital of the transaction are determined, sign a memorandum of confirmation negotiation with the pre-bid and the social capital of the transaction, and publicize the pre-bid and the transaction results and the text of the project contract for not less than 5 working days. (See Attachment Format 11)

　　(3) Announcement of bid winning and closing results of 3)PPP project. The contents of the announcement shall include the PPP project number; PPP project name; Procurement method; The name, legal representative and address of the social capital that won the bid and clinched the deal; The name of the bid winner and the subject matter of the transaction, and the main conditions of the bid winner and the transaction (including but not limited to the cooperation period, service requirements, project budget, return mechanism, etc.); List of members of the review team and the negotiation working group for confirmation of procurement results; Policy requirements such as purchasing domestic goods and services, technology introduction and transfer, and guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantees; Announcement period; Contact matters; Project contract text, etc. The announcement of the winning bid and the closing result shall be released within 2 working days after the expiration of the pre-winning bid and the closing result publicity without objection. (See Attachment Format 12)

　　 2. Notice on the cancellation of bid (termination). In case of invalid bid in public bidding and invitation bidding, an announcement of invalid bid shall be issued. In case of termination of procurement activities in competitive negotiation, competitive consultation, single-source procurement and inquiry, a project termination announcement shall be issued. The contents of the announcement of the cancellation of bid (termination) shall include the number of the procurement project; Name of the procurement project; Release time of procurement announcement; Time of bid opening (quotation); Matters, contents and reasons for the cancellation of bid (termination); The time of bid invalidation (termination); Contact matters, etc. The announcement of bid cancellation (termination) shall be issued within 2 working days from the date when the bid cancellation or project termination is determined. (See Attachment Format 13)

　　(8) Procurement contracts.

　　 The government procurement contract shall be made public within 2 working days from the date of signing. The part of the government procurement contract involving state secrets and commercial secrets may not be made public, but other contents shall be made public. The contents of government procurement contracts involving state secrets shall be determined by the purchaser in accordance with the Law on Guarding State Secrets and other legal systems. The contents of the procurement contract involving trade secrets shall be agreed by the purchaser with the supplier in the contract according to the provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, the Supreme People’s Court’s Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Fa Fa Fa [1992] No.22) and other legal systems. Among them, the name, specifications, unit price and contract amount of the subject matter of the contract shall not be regarded as trade secrets. Names and contact information related to personal privacy in the contract shall not be made public except with the consent of the obligee.

　　The government procurement contract shall specify the main clauses such as the contract object, contract amount, performance period and liability for breach of contract in accordance with the standard contract format and be completely disclosed. The disclosure of government procurement contracts shall include the purchaser; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Contract number; Name of the contract; The successful bidder and the successful supplier, their addresses and contact information; Contract amount; Budget amount of procurement project; Time of signing the contract; Time of contract announcement; Contact matters; Announcement of winning the bid and closing the transaction; Procurement contract text, etc. (See Attachment Format 14)

　　If the government procurement contract signed after March 1, 2015 is not made public as required, it shall be made public in the format required by this notice before October 31, 2015.

　　(9) Acceptance report.

　　The public service projects provided by the government to the public shall invite the clients to participate in the acceptance and issue opinions, and the acceptance results shall be announced to the public. The contents of the acceptance report shall include the procurement project number; Name of the procurement project; Contract number; Name of the contract; The successful bidder and the successful supplier, their addresses and contact information; Contract amount; Name, specification, model, quantity, unit price, bid, transaction amount and service requirements of the bid-winning and transaction target; Acceptance conclusion; List of members of the acceptance team; Contact matters; Acceptance letter text, etc. (See Attachment Format 15)

　　The acceptance report shall be issued within 2 working days from the date of completion of performance acceptance.

　　(10) Regulatory information.

　　Government procurement supervision information mainly includes information on illegal and untrustworthy behaviors of government procurement parties and review experts, records of bad behaviors of government procurement parties and review experts, handling decisions such as government procurement complaints or supervision and inspection, assessment results of centralized procurement institutions, and information disclosure of government procurement projects. The supervision information of government procurement is made public through columns such as "information on illegal and untrustworthy behavior", "exposure desk", "decision on handling complaints or inspections" and "other supervision information".

　　1. The contents of the announcement on the information record of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors of government procurement parties and evaluation experts shall include the name and address of the parties, the specific circumstances of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors, the basis for handling, the results of handling, the date of handling and the name of law enforcement agencies. Information records of monthly violations of laws and regulations and dishonesty shall be announced no later than the 10th day of the following month.

　　2. The contents of the announcement of bad behavior records of government procurement parties and review experts shall include the names of the parties, reasons, handling organs and handling results. The record of bad behavior shall be announced within 5 working days after the completion and implementation of the relevant reporting procedures.

　　3 government procurement complaints or supervision and inspection decision announcement shall include the name and address of the relevant parties; The complaint involves the name of the procurement project and the procurement date; Complaints or major issues of supervision and inspection; Processing basis; Processing results; Name of law enforcement agency; Announcement date and other information. The decision on handling government procurement complaints or supervision and inspection shall be announced within 5 working days after the completion and implementation of the relevant reporting procedures.

　　4. The announcement of the assessment results of the centralized procurement institution shall include the name and address of the centralized procurement institution; Main contents of assessment; Assessment method; Assessment results; There are problems; Assessment unit, etc. The assessment results shall be announced within 5 working days after the completion and implementation of the relevant reporting procedures.

　　5 other regulatory information shall be disclosed in accordance with the requirements of government procurement laws and regulations and related systems.

　　IV. Relevant requirements

　　(a) financial departments at all levels, departments, units and procurement agencies should strengthen the awareness of the rule of law, do a good job in the disclosure of government procurement information in accordance with the law, improve the system, optimize the process, implement the division of responsibilities, establish and improve the working mechanism of government procurement information disclosure, and earnestly fulfill the responsibilities and obligations of government procurement information disclosure.

　　If the relevant provisions of the Notice of the Provincial Department of Finance on Further Standardizing the Announcement of Government Procurement Information (Guangdong Finance Procurement [2014] No.11) are inconsistent with this notice, this notice shall prevail.

　　(two) the financial departments at all levels should do a good job in upgrading the relevant information systems and online media in a timely manner, and complete the docking work with the Guangdong provincial government procurement network system. Give full play to the advantages of information technology, innovate information disclosure methods, improve information disclosure functions, improve the automation level of government procurement information disclosure, and create convenient conditions for purchasers and agencies to disclose government procurement information and accept social supervision. The Provincial Department of Finance will publish the specific operational guidelines for provincial budget units to disclose government procurement information on the Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network.

　　(III) The financial departments at all levels should strengthen the guidance, supervision and inspection on the disclosure of government procurement information, increase the penalties for violations of laws and regulations, and pursue legal responsibilities in accordance with the relevant provisions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law and the Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law.

　　(four) this notice shall be implemented as of October 1, 2015. Cities and counties (cities, districts) directly under the jurisdiction of finance can be fully opened before the end of 2015 with reference to the requirements of this notice in light of local conditions.

　　(five) in case of problems and suggestions in the implementation, please report to the Provincial Department of Finance (Government Procurement Supervision Office) in a timely manner.

　　　　　　　Guangdong Provincial Finance Department

　　September 1, 2015