At the press conference of the State Administration of Taxation

Rong Hai building:Good morning, media reporters and friends! I am Rong Hailou, director of the Tax Publicity Center of the State Administration of Taxation, deputy director of the general office and spokesperson. Today, we invited Mr. Cai Zili, Director of the Revenue Planning and Accounting Department of the State Administration of Taxation, to attend the conference, introduce relevant information and answer your questions. We noticed that the major media were interpreting the economic and social development of China in 2020 and the 13th Five-Year Plan period through figures at the beginning of the year. In order to help you better understand China’s tax economy in 2020, we have specially combed 10 groups of data from the tax big data. Let’s invite Director Cai to give a detailed introduction.

Cai Zili, Director of Revenue Planning and Accounting Department of State Administration of Taxation

Cai Zili:Good morning, journalists and friends! In the past 2020, it was an extraordinary year. Facing the complicated and severe domestic and international situation and the severe impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, China coordinated the prevention and control of the epidemic and economic and social development, and handed over an answer that was satisfactory to the people, attracted worldwide attention and could go down in history. Taxation is often called the "barometer" of the economy. We fully tap the advantages of tax big data and systematically sort out ten sets of data to help you better understand the tax economy of China in 2020.

The first set of data: the annual tax revenue decreased by 2.6%, and the tax revenue target arranged in the fiscal budget was successfully completed.In 2020, the tax revenue (excluding export tax rebate) organized by the national tax authorities reached 13,678 billion yuan, down 2.6% year-on-year, and the tax revenue target arranged in the fiscal budget was successfully completed. From the trend of the whole year,The growth rate of tax revenue has rebounded for nine consecutive months since "bottoming out" in March.It reflects the good momentum of China’s economic recovery, but due to the epidemic situation and the implementation of tax reduction and fee reduction, the annual tax revenue decreased by 2.6%. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the national tax revenue reached 65.7 trillion yuan, an increase of 18.5 trillion yuan over the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, which provided a solid financial guarantee for economic and social development.

The second set of data: the proportion of tax revenue organized by tax authorities in fiscal revenue was 75.5%, an increase of 1.7 percentage points over 2019.In 2020, the tax revenue organized by the tax authorities will account for 75.5% of the general public budget revenue, an increase of 1.7 percentage points over 2019. Compared with 2015 at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, the proportion of tax revenue in fiscal revenue increased by 2.9 percentage points in 2020, which shows that the function of tax revenue in gathering wealth for the country continued to increase during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period.

The third set of data: the social security fee income collected by the tax authorities in the whole year was 3.8 trillion yuan, which provided a guarantee for the development of people’s livelihood.In 2020, the tax authorities will conscientiously implement the phased policy of reducing and exempting enterprise social insurance premiums and effectively reduce the burden on enterprises. Since November 2020, all social insurance premiums have been collected by the tax authorities. While maintaining the stability of the collection method, the tax authorities at all levels have continuously optimized the payment service, providing the majority of payers with various payment channels such as "online, handheld and self-help" to facilitate the payers to declare their payment. In 2020, the national tax authorities organized social insurance premium income of 3.8 trillion yuan.

The fourth set of data: the annual new tax reduction and fee reduction is expected to exceed 2.5 trillion yuan, successfully fulfilling the target of reducing the burden for enterprises as determined in the government work report.In 2020, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council will continue to increase tax reduction and fee reduction, and the tax authorities will implement it to the letter. In the first 11 months, the accumulated tax reduction and fee reduction will be 2,367.3 billion yuan, and it is expected to exceed 2.5 trillion yuan for the whole year, which can successfully complete the annual target of reducing the burden on enterprises as set in the 2020 government work report. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the national new tax reduction and fee reduction is expected to exceed 7.6 trillion yuan. A series of practical tax reduction and fee reduction policies have effectively reduced the tax burden of enterprises, enhanced their sense of acquisition and stimulated the vitality of market players.

The fifth set of data: the proportion of tax revenue to GDP decreased by about 0.82 percentage points, and the tax burden of enterprises was further reduced.In 2020, with the implementation of tax reduction policies to support epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, the proportion of tax revenue in China’s general public budget revenue is expected to drop to about 15.2%, which is about 0.82 percentage points lower than that in 2019.

The sixth set of data: the sales revenue of enterprises nationwide increased by 6%, and the production and operation of enterprises improved step by step.According to the VAT invoice data, in 2020, the sales revenue of national enterprises increased by 6% year-on-year. On a quarterly basis, it rebounded quarter by quarter, with a year-on-year decline of 17.6% in the first quarter, a 9% increase from negative to positive in the second quarter, a 12.4% increase in the third quarter and a further 15.7% increase in the fourth quarter. 29 of the 31 provinces achieved positive growth in sales revenue. The production and operation of enterprises are improving steadily. China is the first major economy in the world to control the epidemic, take the lead in resuming production and achieve positive economic growth. It is expected to become the only major economy in the world to achieve positive economic growth.

The seventh set of data: the sales revenue of high-tech industries increased by 14.7%, and the development potential of new kinetic energy was accelerated.In 2020, the national high-tech industry maintained a rapid growth trend, with sales revenue increasing by 14.7% year-on-year, which was 8.7 percentage points faster than the national average. Among them, the high-tech service industry represented by information services and e-commerce has increased by more than 20% year-on-year for nine consecutive months since April, with a cumulative increase of 23.6% for the whole year, indicating that the development potential of new kinetic energy has been accelerated and the new economy has continued to grow sturdily.

The eighth set of data: the R&D expenditure of key tax source enterprises increased by 13.1%, and the innovation and development situation continued to improve.In 2020, benefiting from preferential tax policies such as R&D expenses plus deduction, the R&D expenditure of key tax source enterprises in China is expected to increase by 13.1% year-on-year, of which the manufacturing industry will increase by 9.6% and the software and information technology service industry will increase by 25.3%, all of which maintain a good momentum of innovation and development. The amount of high-tech equipment and high-tech services purchased by 330,000 enterprises enjoying the policy of R&D expenses plus deduction increased by 15.8% year-on-year. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the R&D expenditure of key tax source enterprises maintained a rapid growth rate of more than double digits, which added a strong stamina for the high-quality development of China’s economy.

The ninth set of data: 11.44 million tax-related market entities were newly established in the whole year, which was higher than the previous two years, and the market vitality was steadily enhanced.In 2020, the number of newly established tax-related market entities in the country reached 11.44 million, an increase of 10.1% over 2019, indicating that the state’s policies and measures to support market entities to solve problems and develop healthily have been effective and the market vitality has recovered rapidly. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the total number of tax-related market entities newly established in China reached 57.45 million, of which the number of new offices in 2020 was significantly higher than that in 2018 and 2019.

The tenth set of data: the export tax rebate was 1,454.9 billion yuan in the whole year, which strongly supported the steady foreign trade.In 2020, the tax authorities implemented convenient measures such as paperless, "non-contact" and "tolerance handling" to speed up the progress of export tax rebate. The average time for processing normal tax rebate business was 20% faster than that in 2019, and the export tax rebate was 1,454.9 billion yuan in the whole year, which effectively eased the financial pressure on enterprises and played an important supporting role for the stable recovery of foreign trade. During the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, the country handled a total of 7,073.6 billion yuan of export tax rebates, an increase of 1,645.3 billion yuan over the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, which effectively promoted the steady growth of foreign trade exports.

Around the above ten groups of data, we specially made vivid charts and sent them to you after the meeting, so that you can better understand and report.

Rong Hai Building: OK, thank you for your introduction. Let’s enter the question session.

The reporter from the Central Taiwan Broadcasting Station asked questions.

1. Reporter Yang Guang: Hello, Director Rong. Just now, Director Cai released ten sets of tax data, which gave a panoramic display of the tax economy operation last year and during the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period. Could you please briefly introduce the tax department’s deepening of the application of tax big data?

Rong Hailou, Director of the Tax Publicity Center of the State Administration of Taxation, Deputy Director of the General Office and Spokesman

Rong Hai building:Thank you for your question. Tax big data has the advantages of strong timeliness, wide coverage and fine granularity, which records the production and operation status of market players and can reflect the economic operation more quickly, comprehensively, accurately and objectively. In recent years, the tax authorities have conscientiously implemented the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on using big data to improve the modernization level of national governance, and carried out in-depth construction and application of tax big data. Especially in 2020, in the face of the sudden COVID-19 epidemic, the Party Committee of the State Administration of Taxation put forward the requirement of "data service should be strengthened", gave full play to the advantages of tax big data, fully supported the overall prevention and control of epidemic situation and economic and social development, and made beneficial explorations in helping market players to solve problems, implementing tax reduction and fee reduction policies, and serving macroeconomic decision-making.

First, play the role of data bridge to support enterprises to resume work and production.Using the advantage of connecting the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain with VAT invoice data, we can accurately locate key enterprises and their main business related parties that are affected by the epidemic situation, promote the docking of supply and demand sides according to the principle of marketization, smooth the supply chain cycle of the industrial chain, carry out targeted assistance and support the development of enterprises.

The second is to accurately locate demand and promote tax reduction and fee reduction.Relying on tax big data, we will accurately screen eligible taxpayers, take the initiative to publicize and coach, and track and monitor in real time to ensure that policy dividends reach market players with the fastest speed and the most accurate accuracy. Just now, Secretary Cai introduced that the new tax reduction and fee reduction last year is expected to exceed 2.5 trillion yuan, and big data has played an important role in it.

The third is to objectively reflect the economic operation and make service decisions.Tax big data can not only timely monitor the process of resuming work and production, but also objectively reflect the macroeconomic operation and assist economic decision-making.

Tax big data has great potential. In the next step, the tax authorities will continue to deepen data sharing, improve data algorithms, and give full play to the advantages of tax big data, focusing on accurately grasping the new development stage, thoroughly implementing the new development concept, accelerating the construction of a new development pattern, selecting and analyzing topics, digging deep into the economic laws and characteristics reflected by the data, and continuously creating authoritative and reliable tax economic analysis products to better support the development of market players and better serve macroeconomic decision-making.

People’s Daily reporter asked questions.

2. People’s Daily reporter: Just now, Secretary Cai introduced that in order to support epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, in 2020, China expects to increase taxes and reduce fees by more than 2.5 trillion yuan. Could you please ask Director Cai to introduce the implementation effect of tax reduction and fee reduction in 2020?

Cai Zili:In 2020, the tax authorities resolutely implemented the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and adopted a series of practical and effective measures to ensure that the "real money" of tax reduction and fee reduction accurately reached market players. It is estimated that the annual tax reduction and fee reduction will exceed 2.5 trillion yuan, successfully fulfilling the annual burden reduction target set in the 2020 government work report, and exceeding the scale of larger tax reduction and fee reduction in 2019. The main achievements are as follows:

First, the tax burden of Chinese enterprises continues to decline.Since the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", with the implementation of a series of large-scale tax reduction and fee reduction policies and measures, from 2016 to 2019, the proportion of tax revenue in China’s general public budget revenue to GDP was 17.47%, 17.35%, 17.01% and 16.02% respectively, and it is expected to further drop to about 15.2% in 2020, which is about 0.2% lower than that in 2019. Accordingly, the tax burden of Chinese enterprises has been reduced year by year. The tax burden rate of sales revenue of 100,000 key tax source enterprises monitored by the State Administration of Taxation (that is, the proportion of tax and social security fees paid by enterprises in sales revenue) is expected to decrease by 8% year-on-year in 2020, and it has decreased by 18.1% since the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan.

Second, the real economy and the private economy benefit the most.In 2020, tax reduction and fee reduction will focus on helping market players to solve problems and promote economic recovery growth. Among them, the new tax reduction and fee reduction in manufacturing and related links is expected to account for about 35%, which is the industry that benefits the most; The new tax reduction and fee reduction in the private economy is expected to account for about 70%, with the most obvious benefits. Thanks to the tax reduction and fee reduction policy, in 2020, the tax burden rate of sales revenue of key tax source manufacturing and private enterprises in 2020 decreased by 8.8% and 9.5% respectively.

Third, the development confidence and entrepreneurial vitality of market players have been significantly enhanced.According to the questionnaire on the prosperity of key tax source enterprises, 90.6% of key tax source enterprises expect the production and operation situation to be "improved" or "stable" in the first quarter of 2021, which is 1.2 percentage points higher than that in the fourth quarter of 2020, and has maintained a rising trend for three consecutive quarters.

The confidence of market participants continued to increase, and the vitality of innovation and entrepreneurship recovered rapidly. The number of new market participants who went to the tax authorities to handle tax-related matters has achieved positive growth year-on-year since May. The growth rates in the first three quarters and the whole year were 5.9% and 10.1% respectively, showing a trend of rising quarter by quarter; At the same time, market players have accelerated their growth. At the end of 2020, there were 11.193 million national general VAT taxpayers with annual sales income above 5 million, an increase of 10.2% compared with the end of 2019 and an increase of 86.2% compared with taxpayers of the same scale at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. thank you

National business daily reporter asked questions.

3. Reporter national business daily: In 2020, the tax authorities will use big tax data such as VAT invoices to continuously track and reflect the sales of enterprises and the national economic operation. I would like to ask, from the perspective of tax big data, what is the overall situation of economic development in 2020?

Cai Zili:Thank you for your question. In 2020, with the implementation of the policy of coordinating epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, the national economic operation will recover steadily. According to the data of VAT invoice, in 2020, the sales revenue of national enterprises increased by 6% year-on-year, 4.2 percentage points higher than that of the previous three quarters. Among them, the growth rate in the fourth quarter was 15.7%, 3.3 percentage points higher than that in the third quarter, reflecting the rapid release of the vitality and development potential of China’s economic market. Mainly presents the following six characteristics:

First, the sales of industrial enterprises rose steadily, and the supporting role of equipment manufacturing industry was enhanced.Industry is an important foundation of the national economy and the main battlefield for deepening the structural reform of the supply side. In 2020, the sales revenue of industrial enterprises increased by 2.7% year-on-year, and continued to rise steadily after the cumulative growth rate turned positive in October. In the fourth quarter, it increased by 11.1%, 1.9 percentage points higher than that in the third quarter. Of the 41 major categories of industry, 26 achieved positive growth. The manufacturing industry recovered rapidly, with the annual sales revenue increasing by 3.2% year-on-year, especially the supporting role of equipment manufacturing industry continued to increase, increasing by 7.1% year-on-year.

Second, commodity consumption recovered quickly and online consumption maintained rapid growth.Consumption is the main focus of expanding domestic demand and plays a fundamental role in economic development. In 2020, the sales revenue of the wholesale and retail industry increased by 5% year-on-year, including 15.4% in the fourth quarter, 4.1 percentage points higher than that in the third quarter. The epidemic situation changed the consumption pattern of residents, the "non-contact" consumption developed rapidly, the integration of online and offline platforms accelerated, and the Internet retail and take-away food delivery services increased by 29.2% and 31.6% respectively.

Third, investment-related industries grew rapidly, and the development of new infrastructure accelerated.Investment plays a key role in optimizing the supply structure. In 2020, the sales revenue of civil engineering construction related to infrastructure investment increased by 19.7% year-on-year. In particular, investment in new infrastructure areas such as 5G base stations, UHV, urban rail transit and environmental protection grew rapidly, driving the sales revenue of communication and power transmission facilities projects, urban rail transit projects and energy-saving projects to increase by 10%, 13.4% and 20.8% respectively.

Fourth, the transportation and logistics industry has recovered steadily, and road freight transportation has grown rapidly.Transportation and logistics industry is an important support to smooth the domestic circulation. In 2020, the sales revenue of transportation and logistics industry increased by 9.6% year-on-year, which was 3.6 percentage points higher than the national overall level, including 22.8% in the fourth quarter and 10.3 percentage points higher than that in the third quarter. In particular, the sales revenue of road freight transportation, warehousing and postal logistics increased by 9.9%, 16.5% and 23.1% respectively.

Fifth, the energy structure was gradually optimized, and the development of environmental protection-related industries was accelerated.In 2020, the sales revenue of new energy power generation industries such as hydropower, nuclear power and wind power accounted for 37.9% of the total power generation industry, an increase of 3 percentage points over 2019. Among them, the sales revenue of solar power generation and wind power generation increased by 16.5% and 14.1% respectively. The sales revenue of comprehensive utilization of resources, ecological protection and environmental management increased by 17.8% and 15% respectively year-on-year, reflecting that the environmental protection industry continued to accelerate development and the green concept was more deeply rooted in people’s hearts.

Sixth, the leading advantage of private economy is obvious, and private enterprises are growing rapidly.Private economy is an important subject to promote high-quality development. In 2020, the sales revenue of private economy increased by 8% year-on-year, 2 percentage points higher than the overall level of enterprises in China, including an increase of 18% in the fourth quarter and an increase of 3.2 percentage points over the third quarter. In particular, the sales revenue of private enterprises increased by 9.6% year-on-year, which was 1.6 percentage points higher than the overall level of private economy. thank you

CCTV reporter at the reception desk asked questions.

4. CCTV reporter: Hello, Director Cai, just now you mentioned that the high-tech industry in China will achieve double-digit rapid growth in 2020. Excuse me, what are the specific highlights?

Cai Zili:Thank you for your question. According to the big tax data, in 2020, the high-tech industry showed a good development trend, with a year-on-year growth of 14.7%, which was 8.7 percentage points higher than the overall level of enterprises in China. Since it turned positive in April, it has maintained rapid growth, playing a leading role and becoming a new kinetic energy to promote the high-quality development of China’s economy. Specifically, it mainly presents the following four highlights:

First, investment in research and development has increased.R&D is the source of innovation and an important strategic support for China’s scientific and technological self-reliance. In 2020, the invoice sales revenue of R&D and design services increased by 17.3% year-on-year, among which medical research, agricultural scientific research and design services increased by 41.5%, 26% and 16.6% respectively. In 2020, the R&D expenditure of national key tax source enterprises is expected to increase by 13.1% year-on-year, among which the software and information technology service industry will increase by 25.3%.

Second, the transformation of scientific and technological research and development achievements has been accelerated.This is the key link to build a strong innovation system in China. In 2020, the sales revenue of service invoices for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements increased by 45.1% year-on-year, among which technology promotion services, science and technology intermediary services and intellectual property services increased by 45.4%, 33.2% and 27.4% year-on-year, respectively, reflecting the accelerated transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productivity.

Third, the rapid growth of high-tech enterprises.Enterprise is the main body of innovation. In 2020, China’s high-tech enterprises are expected to reach 275,000, which is 3.5 times that of 2015 at the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan. Among them, the sales revenue of industrial control computer systems and information security equipment manufacturing invoices related to high-end equipment manufacturing increased by 20.1% and 17.2% respectively. The manufacturing of smart consumer equipment related to consumption upgrading increased by 24% year-on-year.

Fourth, new formats and new models are booming.In 2020, industries related to the digital economy grew rapidly, and the invoice sales revenue of seven related industries such as computer equipment manufacturing and Internet increased by 12.1% year-on-year, which was 6.1 percentage points higher than the national overall level. Online platform transactions have developed rapidly. Sales revenue of e-commerce credit service, Internet platform and information technology service increased by 45.7%, 29.4% and 24.5% respectively.

It is particularly noteworthy that the integration of the Internet, big data and artificial intelligence is further enhanced. In 2020, the purchase of information services by manufacturing industry increased by 18% year-on-year, which was 10.4 percentage points higher than the national average, and promoted the digital transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry. thank you

Rong Hai building:Because of the time, the question session is here.

2021 is a year of historic significance. China will solemnly celebrate the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and start a new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way. The national taxation system will adhere to the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought of the Supreme Leader in the New Era, conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, promote the modernization of taxation in the new development stage with high quality, give full play to the basic, pillar and supportive role of taxation in state governance, and contribute to maintaining the economic operation in a reasonable range and achieving a good start in the Tenth Five-Year Plan.

The State Council joint prevention and control mechanism held a press conference on 28th, and as of 24: 00 on March 27th, the country reported that it had inoculated more than 100 million doses of Covid-19 vaccine! These questions of common concern have been answered. Let’s look at them together-

About vaccination—

How long is the interval between two doses of vaccine better?

After the first dose of vaccination, the interval between the second dose of vaccination should be greater than or equal to three weeks, and the second dose of vaccination should be completed as soon as possible within eight weeks after the first dose of vaccine.

If the first shot is inoculated and the second shot is not completed according to the specified time, it is not necessary to restart the inoculation when the second shot is replanted, as long as the second shot is completed. Now there are vaccination sites in Covid-19 all over the country. After telling the vaccination sites about the situation, we should get the second dose of vaccine in time.

Can I get a second shot in a different place? What if vaccine manufacturers are different?

It is suggested to use the variety of the same enterprise as far as possible to complete the two doses of vaccination. If it is said that the same variety cannot be supplied in different places, it can be replaced by vaccine products of other production units of the same kind to complete the two doses of vaccination.

Can the elderly be vaccinated?

At present, Beijing, Shanghai and other regions have been vaccinated with Covid-19 vaccine for some elderly people over 60 years old and patients with chronic diseases who are willing to be vaccinated and in good physical condition under the premise of fully evaluating the health status and infection risk of the vaccinated objects. The next step will be to actively and steadily promote the vaccination of people over 60 years old and patients with chronic diseases in combination with the use effect of vaccines in large-scale populations.

Is it necessary to vaccinate newborns?

At present, the immunization strategy in our country is mainly for people aged 18-59 and elderly people aged 60 and over who are in need and healthy. There is no systematic phase III clinical data about people under 18 years old. With the deepening of research, these data will be obtained later. So when should people under the age of 18 be vaccinated? From the perspective of the whole country, it is considered that the vaccination strategy will be continuously improved based on the needs of epidemic prevention and control and clinical data, including the newborn population.

Some people think that the domestic epidemic situation is relatively stable and there is no need for vaccination. What do you think?

The vast majority of people are susceptible. Vaccination is the most effective prevention and control measure. Vaccination needs to form an immune barrier to play its greatest role, so everyone should be vaccinated. The more people are vaccinated, the stronger the immune barrier is, the faster the vaccination is, and the sooner the immune barrier is formed. If everyone has such a mentality not to vaccinate, the immune barrier will not be established. Once an infectious source is introduced, or when an infectious source exists, an illness or epidemic may occur.

About the vaccine effect—

How long is the effective protection period after vaccination?

Covid-19 vaccine is a new vaccine, which has been developed in a relatively short time and used in human body for a shorter time. At present, the antibody level has been monitored for more than six months. However, antibody is not the only protection index, and there are other factors in the process of vaccine’s function, so it is necessary to carry out research on the persistence of vaccine to confirm how long its protection period is.

In March last year, some people, as the "vanguard" of vaccines, had been vaccinated with inactivated vaccine from COVID-19, which is now on the market. These people have been continuously testing the data of their antibody changes. So far, they have obtained the antibody testing data for 9 months. According to the data, the antibody still has a certain level in 9 months, and the monitoring will continue to be strengthened in the future.

Do people who have been vaccinated need to be vaccinated again?

In the clinical process of the overall design, the booster needle was designed to observe the persistence and protection level of antibodies. At present, the preliminary results show that booster needle can effectively improve the titer of neutralizing antibodies, effectively improve the persistence of antibodies, and also effectively improve the anti-mutation ability of vaccines. In the future, phase III clinical research will be carried out overseas to continuously observe the persistence of antibodies and protection. Is it necessary to carry out booster vaccination? When will you call? Still have to answer according to the results of the next three clinical studies.

Does virus variation have an effect on vaccine effectiveness?

Two kinds of inactivated vaccines of Sinopharm Group China Bio, using the serum after the second and third clinical trials at home and abroad, have carried out cross-comprehensive experiments on the strains found in South Africa and Britain, as well as more than 10 strains found in different regions and epidemic areas in China. The results show that neutralizing antibodies produced by the two inactivated vaccines have a good neutralizing effect on these strains. At present, the strains found in Brazil and Zimbabwe are undergoing neutralization experimental monitoring. Small variation of the virus will not affect the antigenicity of the vaccine, that is, the vaccine will be effective without variation of protective antigen, especially the whole virus inactivated vaccine.

This year, Kexing Zhongwei used the Wuhan strain and the newly mutated British strain and South African strain in various countries to detect the neutralizing antibody in the serum immunized with the vaccine in vitro. The test results showed that the Wuhan strain and the British strain could reach 100% seroconversion, and the South African strain could reach 97% seroconversion. Different individuals have different reactions to the detection results of South African strain, and the detection antibody level of South African strain as a whole is 2 times lower than that of Wuhan strain. At the same time, Kexing Zhongwei has started the vaccine research and development of South African strain and Brazil strain, and the vaccine research of South African strain has been carried out, and the introduction of Brazil strain is in the process.

Wu Zhenyu, the two film emperors’ rival in love, spoiled Sun Honglei on the spot.

　　"The Warring States" is based on the unprecedented tragic hegemony of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States in history, and describes the epic legend that two legendary militarists, Sun Bin and Pang Juan, evolved from close brothers to enemies and finally fought a decisive battle on the battlefield. Sun Honglei plays Sun Bin, who is kind-hearted, and Wu Zhenyu plays Pang Juan, who is fierce. The fate of the Warring States troubled times makes the two film emperors struggle in the play and become rivals in love. When it comes to the conflict between love and friendship, Sun Honglei faltered and finally reluctantly said, "Brothers come first, love comes second." Wu Zhenyu said helplessly, "I choose beauty, but beauty doesn’t choose me. When I chose my brother, my brother left me. "

　　"I think Sun Bin is wandering between a genius and an idiot. He has great talent in military affairs, but he doesn’t even have the basic ability to live in life. This time it’s more risky, and I hope it won’t thunder everyone." In order to experience the role, Sun Honglei also came to Sun Bin’s hometown and made a trip. "Bitter risks, cross the rubicon, deviance, etc. are all strategies used by Sun Bin in the movie." Sun Honglei said that the film shows the interlocking military strategies in a suspenseful way.

　　Although Wu Zhenyu has always been famous for playing a role with strange personality, he gently spoiled Sun Honglei at the scene that day. At that time, the host asked Wu Zhenyu to call Sun Honglei in three identities: brother, rival in love and enemy. Wu Zhenyu was shy and shouted, "Mmm!" Make a scene.
　

Sales this month Accumulated this year last month compare the numbers with the prior period of the same length same period last year compare to the same period of the previous year BMW 3 Series 12610 128649 10382 21.46% 13879 -9.14% Bmw X3 10729 96881 10984 -2.32% 9814 9.32% Bmw 5 series 9360 75671 8142 14.96% 16692 -43.93% BMW X1 5410 74458 7117 -23.98% 8645 -37.42% BMW X5 48V 5324 43143 3933 35.37% 4745 12.20% Bmw X5 4481 36308 3310 35.38% 3994 12.19% Bmw iX3 3506 33056 3137 11.76% 4063 -13.71% Bmw i3 2867 44127 2986 -3.99% 6141 -53.31% Bmw i5 1152 7928 577 99.65% 0 0% Bmw iX1 825 10887 1109 -25.61% 681 21.15% BMW 5 Series PHEV 10 111 one 900.00% 177 -94.35% Bmw X2 one 307 0 0% 443 -99.77% Bmw summary 56275 551526 51678 8.90% 69274 -18.76%

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As one of the core components of automobile, engine not only determines the quality of automobile, but also determines the temperament of automobile. Under the influence of manufacturers and media for many years, consumers generally understand what kind of output performance will be brought to the engine behind the parameters such as displacement, torque, horsepower and power. However, in the vehicle configuration table, the engine will have a label, engine cylinder diameter and stroke. What information is hidden behind these two parameters?

Influence of radius ratio on engine dynamic characteristics

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Simply put, the cylinder diameter refers to the diameter of the cylinder piston (inner wall diameter), and the stroke refers to the distance from the retraction to the extension of the piston rod. We all know that engine power is basically determined by engine displacement, and engine displacement = π× square of cylinder radius× stroke× number of cylinders, so the product of cylinder diameter and stroke determines engine power.

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Under the premise of constant displacement, engine cylinders can be designed into different combinations, which can be generally divided into three types: cylinder diameter > stroke, short stroke engine; Cylinder diameter = stroke, equal stroke engine; Cylinder diameter < stroke, long stroke engine. The ratio of cylinder diameter to stroke is called radius ratio, which is an important parameter to judge the high and low speed of the engine.

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The design of short-stroke engine with large cylinder diameter will increase the engine area and occupy a larger space in the engine room, but relatively, the engine height will not be too high, so it can effectively reduce the focus of the whole vehicle and ensure high-speed stability and handling performance. In terms of power output, short-stroke engines generally have higher rotational speed, because after the stroke is shortened, the stroke that a single work pushes the piston will also be shortened, and the number of times of doing work in the same time will also increase accordingly, and the output power will be greater, with the disadvantage of low torsion difference.

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The long-stroke engine is designed with a small cylinder diameter, so the engine occupies a small area, and the front of the engine can be designed to be shorter, giving space to the cab behind. However, the longer stroke leads to the higher height of the engine, which hinders the reduction of wind resistance and streamline modeling design, and the higher center of gravity is not conducive to high-speed handling performance. Generally, the engine with long stroke design will have a low speed of peak torque. Because the piston runs once in the cylinder for a long time, the dynamic acceleration is high, so the torque is easy to increase. The disadvantage is that the top speed is not high, and because of the long stroke, the jitter problem of the engine is obvious.

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The performance of constant stroke engine is between short stroke engine and long stroke engine. Although the short-stroke engine has high speed and stable output, it has no advantage in spatial layout, so the equal-impact engine is a compromise method, which keeps a certain cylinder diameter and a certain stroke, for example, Subaru 2.0L FA20 engine cylinder diameter = stroke diameter = 86 mm.

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Therefore, it can be seen that the longer the engine stroke, the greater the displacement of the engine, but if the stroke is too long, stability and bending performance should be considered, while the short-stroke engine has high speed, low vibration and stable operation, but the manufacturing cost will be higher. Therefore, at present, the cylinder diameter ratio of short-stroke engines is generally not more than 1.3: 1, and those that exceed 1.3: 1 are reinforced, and so are long-stroke engines.

Is it better to have a larger stroke or a larger cylinder diameter?

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A good understanding of the relationship between cylinder diameter and stroke can explain why some cars reach the red line at 5000 rpm, and some cars still have no fuel cut at 8000 rpm. Even if the same brand has the same engine with the same displacement and different models, its speed will be different. So, what effect does the speed have on consumers?

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From the performance point of view, the stability of high rotation output of short-stroke engine is king, the starting acceleration is not high, and the speed is its specialty. Of course, high speed certainly means high fuel consumption, because the piston runs up before a drop of oil is used up, so the engine with high speed has high fuel consumption and emissions, which is generally suitable for sports cars or sports cars.

Comparatively speaking, the long-stroke engine is more space-saving in design, and the layout in the engine compartment is more convenient and changeable. For car companies, even if a new model is introduced later, it can be easily adapted with a little optimization, so it is more popular, which is not necessarily a bad routine for consumers.

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Short stroke, small reciprocating inertia of the engine, suitable for high rotation; On the contrary, long stroke, large engine inertia and good low torque. Therefore, long-stroke engines that are good at emitting large torque in low-speed areas are more suitable for vehicles that require higher traction but lower speed, such as off-road vehicles, SUVs, trucks and so on. This kind of long-stroke engine generally has good torque characteristics and good starting performance, and the long stroke makes the engine burn more fully, so the fuel consumption is less, so it is very suitable for ordinary people to use. Now many ordinary cars also use long-stroke engines.

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With the development of science and technology, in order to save mold and design costs, some large companies use engines with the same diameter-to-diameter ratio for their sports cars, cars and off-road vehicles, that is, several engines with different displacement share the cylinder block, and only adjust the number of cylinders or ECU driving computer to meet the needs of different models. For example, Volkswagen does not name every engine with a displacement, but all engines that use a cylinder are called the same name, and the prefix of the name is the same. EA113 is the code name of the engine block. This series of engines have been used in the fifth generation GTI, Audi TTS, Passat B5 and other models of golf.

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Yaston’s nodule

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For Keyboard Man, it is the most basic skill to know the performance of the engine by looking at the parameters. It is impossible to determine the performance of the engine just by looking at the basic parameters such as displacement, torque and power of the engine. Cylinder diameter and stroke should also be considered as important information, which is also applicable to ordinary consumers.

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BYD Auto recently announced a new generation of DM-i super hybrid technology. Compared with the previous DM-i hybrid, it has made a great breakthrough and achieved the ultimate in energy consumption. Under NEDC working conditions, the fuel consumption per 100 kilometers is lower than 3L, which is really exaggerated. Seal 06, which was declared before, will be the first to take a new generation of DM-i hybrid technology, and its comprehensive cruising range is expected to exceed 2,000 kilometers. Let’s take a look at the performance of BYD Seal 06.

From the previous declaration, we can see the appearance design of BYD Seal 06, which follows the design language of BYD’s marine aesthetics. The front face is equipped with an inverted trapezoidal air intake grille, and the interior is chrome-plated with banners. The headlights are also very eye-catching and the overall appearance is very young and fashionable. It is also equipped with large-size diversion grooves on both sides of its lower enclosure to enhance the sense of movement of the car, and the overall recognition is also very high.

BYD Seal 06 is positioned as a medium-sized car, with a body size of 4830*1875*1495mm and a wheelbase of 2790 mm.. Viewed from the side, its waistline is also very sharp, the window line is decorated with chrome trim, and the door panel handle is semi-hidden, with the top-sliding roof shape and five-spoke petal hub shape, creating a good sports atmosphere. Its tail shape looks simple, and it adopts the shape of "duck tail". The taillight uses the popular penetrating shape, and the taillight has also been blackened. The lower enclosure is decorated with a large area of black decorative board, and with a large diffuser, it gives people a very sporty feeling.

Regarding the interior of the new car, there is not much detailed information exposed at present. It is highly probable that the latest design style of BYD family will be adopted, and the official release shall prevail.

The highlight is its power part. BYD Seal 06 will be equipped with a new generation of DM-i super hybrid technology. The system is composed of 1.5L engine and motor, and the maximum power of the engine is 74kW；. The motor provides two options with maximum power of 120kW and 160kW respectively. In terms of battery life, the new car provides two pure electric battery life versions of 60 km and 90 km. Under NEDC working conditions, the fuel consumption per 100 km is lower than 3L, and the comprehensive cruising range will exceed 2,000 km.

Conclusion: The appearance of BYD Seal 06 is still very fashionable and sporty. If it is really equipped with a new generation of DM-i super hybrid technology, its competitiveness will be very strong. BYD’s "price war" is a major blow to traditional fuel vehicles, and the new generation of DM-i super hybrid technology will be the "last straw" to crush fuel vehicles. What do you think?

Welcome to [Autohome Chengdu Discount Promotion Channel], we bring you a car buying feast that you can’t miss! Currently, popular electric vehicles are being promoted in Chengdu. Buyers can enjoy a cash discount of up to 28,000 yuan, which further reduces the starting price of this high-performance electric vehicle model to 188,600 yuan. This is a rare car buying opportunity. If you want to grab the eπ 008, don’t miss it! Hurry up and click "Chatti Car Price" in the quotation form, let us help you get this favorite car at the best price!

Sorry, since I am a text generative model, I need specific guidance to generate content about the appearance of the car. But I can’t generate a description for the non-existent car series eπ 008 because there is not enough information to refer to. If you can provide more specific information or car series names, I will be happy to help you create relevant introductions.

The Eπ 008 has a delicate and smooth side design, with a size of 5002mm*1972mm*1732mm and a wheelbase of 3025mm, ensuring a spacious and comfortable interior. The front and rear wheelbases are 1650mm, ensuring the stability and driving performance of the vehicle. The tire size is 265/45 R21, and the elegant wheel design not only provides excellent grip, but also adds to the vehicle’s sense of movement and fashion.

内饰方面，eπ008展现出精致与科技感的完美融合。车厢内部采用皮质方向盘，提供舒适的握感，并支持手动上下+前后调节，确保驾驶员的个性化需求。中控台上，15.6英寸的大屏幕作为焦点，集成多媒体系统、导航、电话及空调控制功能，通过语音识别技术，轻松实现便捷操作。座椅选用仿皮材质，主副驾驶位均可实现前后调节、靠背调节以及多向支撑，如腰部支撑，确保长途驾驶的舒适度。前排座椅还配备加热和通风功能，以及电动记忆功能，驾驶位和副驾驶位均可独立设置。后排座椅支持前后调节、靠背调节和腿托调节，配合比例放倒功能，为乘客提供了灵活的空间选择。车内USB和Type-C接口的分布确保了电子设备的便利连接，前排有2个接口，后排则有3个，还额外提供手机无线充电功能。整体而言，eπ008的内饰设计兼顾实用与豪华，营造出既实用又舒适的驾驶环境。

车系eπ008搭载了一台1.5T涡轮增压发动机，其最大功率达到了108千瓦，能够输出147马力的强大动力。这款L4发动机与电动车单速变速箱配合默契，提供出色的扭矩表现，最大扭矩为210牛·米。这款动力系统旨在为驾驶者带来高效且平顺的驾驶体验。

总的来说，汽车之家车主对于奕派008的评价总体积极，尽管他提到了一些小瑕疵，如新车初期的异味问题和车门的风噪声，他并未对此感到过分困扰。车主表示，这些问题并不影响他的整体驾驶体验，他相信这些可以通过后期的改善措施来解决。正如他所说：“新车上路，难免有些小问题，但奕派008的大气外观和时尚设计足以弥补这些小遗憾。”让我们期待奕派008在未来能够持续优化，满足更多车主的需求。

Geely Automobile’s carefully crafted new pure electric sedan, which has officially opened the pre-sale, is priced between 78,800 yuan and 107,800 yuan. This affordable price strategy, coupled with a variety of configuration options, has injected a strong new force into the market.

Star Wish has launched seven body colors with its unique design aesthetics, not only satisfying consumers’ pursuit of personalization, but also with its 413518051570mm compact body and 2650mm wheelbase, accurately positioning itself in the small car market segment, forming a direct dialogue with popular models such as BYD and BYD, indicating that a fierce competition is about to take place.

In terms of power performance, Star Wish demonstrates Geely’s deep accumulation in the field of electric technology, providing two high-efficiency single motor options, with power output of 79 horsepower and 116 horsepower respectively, to meet different driving needs. The whole series is equipped with standard Ningde era batteries and advanced liquid-cooled temperature control system, ensuring the high energy density (185Wh/kg) of the battery and excellent safety. The range covers 310km to 410km, making it easy to cope with daily commutes and short trips. It is particularly worth mentioning that its fast charging technology is impressive, it can be charged from 30% to 80% in only 24 minutes, and the short 10-minute charging time can add about 120km of driving range to the vehicle, greatly relieving the user’s endurance anxiety.

In terms of configuration, Star Wish is also full of sincerity. Even the youth version, which starts at 78,800 yuan, has been equipped with high-end configurations such as independent suspension, layout, and self-developed 11-in-1 intelligent electric drive system. At the same time, it is integrated into the Galaxy Flyme Auto intelligent car system to achieve seamless handcar interconnection and bring users a convenient intelligent travel experience. In terms of safety, Star Wish is equipped with a Aegis battery safety system as standard, combined with the Star Armor cage body design, to build a comprehensive safety net.

With the launch of the Star Wish UP series, Geely has taken comfort and luxury to a new height. While retaining the advantages of the basic version, the Exploration Edition and the Exploration + Edition further enrich the comfort configuration and intelligent experience. The two-color body and L2-level intelligent driving assistance system presented for a limited time add another highlight to the cost performance of this car. The launch of Geely Star Wish’s pre-sale not only highlights Geely’s profound strength and forward-looking layout in the field of pure electric vehicles, but also brings a new force that cannot be underestimated to the small car market, indicating that a new round of market structure changes are coming.

Recently, the entertainment industry’s melon fields have been boiling again, and well-known entertainment records have revealed that Yang Zi is in love, which has aroused heated discussions and speculation among netizens. According to entertainment records, Yang Zi and her boyfriend are in the same community, and the identity of the man has also been exposed by netizens, and all kinds of details seem to match. The news immediately aroused widespread attention and discussion among netizens. As a popular flower, Yang Zi’s love life has always been the focus of his fans. The exposure of this relationship has caused netizens to explode.

Yang Zi, the popular little flower Dan, has always been the focus of the entertainment industry. Her works are deeply loved by audiences and her popularity remains high. However, a recent revelation about her relationship has caused netizens to fall into a frenzy of attention and discussion.

It is reported that a well-known entertainment reporter broke the news that Yang Zi had recently fallen in love, and the identity of her boyfriend was unexpected. The two lived in the same community, which made netizens speculate who this mysterious boyfriend was.

As public opinion fermented, netizens began to dig out information about the man. From various details, it seemed that the man’s identity was indeed related to Yang Zi. This made netizens even more curious, who is this mysterious boyfriend?

After the news came out, it immediately aroused widespread attention and discussion among netizens. As a popular flower, Yang Zi’s love life has always been the focus of attention of his fans. The exposure of this relationship has caused netizens to explode.

Yang Zi, the popular little flower Dan, has always been the focus of the entertainment industry. Her works are deeply loved by audiences and her popularity remains high. However, a recent revelation about her relationship has caused netizens to fall into a frenzy of attention and discussion.

It is reported that a well-known entertainment reporter broke the news that Yang Zi had recently fallen in love, and the identity of her boyfriend was unexpected. The two lived in the same community, which made netizens speculate who this mysterious boyfriend was.

As public opinion fermented, netizens began to dig out information about the man. From various details, it seemed that the man’s identity was indeed related to Yang Zi. This made netizens even more curious, who is this mysterious boyfriend?

After the news came out, it immediately aroused widespread attention and discussion among netizens. As a popular flower, Yang Zi’s love life has always been the focus of attention of his fans. The exposure of this relationship has caused netizens to explode.

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　　Directed by John Woo and starring stars such as Michelle Yeoh, Zheng Yusheng, Guo Xiaodong and Big S, "Sword Rain" will be released globally on September 28 after the Venice Film Festival at the beginning of next month. In the film, Guo Xiaodong is invited to play Zhang Renfeng, a legendary swordsman with stunts. He walks the rivers and lakes with a pair of swords in his hand, and often sees injustice. He is known as an elite talent among swordsmen. For this praise, Guo Xiaodong laughs that the elite man in his own heart should have a strong sense of responsibility to society and family.

　　This kind of understanding is exactly in line with Guo Xiaodong’s own image, and it is also a little similar to the Zhang Renfeng he played in "Sword Rain". As the descendant of a high-ranking official, Zhang Renfeng did not only pursue a comfortable life as an official like his father. In addition to reading poetry and books, he was also obsessed with swordsmanship. After many spring, summer, autumn and winter, he finally cultivated his profound skills. Zhang Renfeng’s cultural and martial arts characteristics made him valued by the court at that time. But he was dissatisfied with the villain in the dynasty, so he secretly launched a contest with evil forces…

　　It can be said that Zhang Renfeng, played by Guo Xiaodong, has a strong sense of social mission, which is also the characteristic of most elite men in today’s society. Guo Xiaodong was interviewed and talked about his understanding of elite men, which he understood as: well-educated, have their own career, and have achieved success in their own positions; pursue, have ideals, have certain economic ability and social status; have a sense of responsibility to society and family.

　　But on the way forward, there are many difficulties and dangers, and it is not so easy to live a free and confident life without being tempted by money and material things. But Zhang Renfeng, played by Guo Xiaodong, pursues freedom, always stands on the side of justice, and defends his purpose of learning the sword – that is, to destroy all darkness with the strongest strength, and to live a carefree life by looking down on fame and wealth.