爱上海419论坛-阿拉上海后花园419-夜上海最新论坛社区-上海品茶工作室

Experts from the medical association gradually sank, and experts from Xinhua Hospital came to Chongming Branch for consultation. Information picture

　　editorial comment/note

　　Health is an inevitable requirement to promote people’s all-round development and the common pursuit of the broad masses of the people. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that people’s health should be given priority in the strategic position of development, and the construction of a healthy China should be accelerated. Since the General Office of the State Council issued "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Construction and Development of Medical Consortium", the construction of medical consortia in China has been fully promoted everywhere, from "managing diseases" to "managing health", and the structural reform path of medical supply side has become increasingly clear. As a pioneer in the construction of medical associations, Shanghai has established 55 medical associations in recent years, mainly in the form of regional medical associations and specialized medical associations, which effectively promoted the downward shift of the focus of health work and the sinking of resources, significantly improved the grassroots service capacity and optimized the overall medical service efficiency. In June 2019, Guangming Daily’s research team went to Yangpu District, Huangpu District, Xuhui District, Minhang District and other places in Shanghai, interviewed a number of tertiary and secondary hospitals and district health and health committees, and conducted in-depth research on the construction of medical associations in Shanghai.

　　Aunt Zhang, a 60-year-old from Chongming District, Shanghai, was diagnosed with breast cancer in a community hospital and referred by a family doctor to a tertiary hospital in the region — — Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital was found to be in a serious condition after diagnosis, and was transferred to the General Hospital of Xinhua Hospital for breast surgery. After surgery, he returned to Chongming Branch for chemotherapy, and finally returned to the community for follow-up and rehabilitation guidance from family doctors. Living in the far suburbs, but not having to run dozens of kilometers to see the top three hospitals in the urban area, Aunt Zhang benefited from the pattern design of gradient medical treatment and linkage referral of the medical association.

　　In Shanghai, a reasonable medical order of "minor illness at the grassroots level, serious illness at the hospital, and recovery at the grassroots level" has gradually taken shape. In October, 2010, the former Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau, together with the relevant commissions, issued the Guiding Opinions on the Pilot Work of the Regional Medical Consortium in this Municipality, which took the lead in promoting the reform of the medical consortium in China. By the end of 2018, the city had established 55 regional medical associations, all tertiary hospitals and community health service centers participated in the construction of medical associations, and 83 secondary hospitals participated in the construction of medical associations, achieving full coverage of the grid construction of medical associations.

　　1. The sinking of high-quality resources enhances the ability of primary medical services.

　　Upgrading from a second-class hospital to a third-class hospital has treated more difficult and critical patients, but fewer patients have been transferred to other hospitals. The complexity of the hospital’s surgery has gradually increased, and the development of new technologies has become active … … In the past 10 years, Chongming Central Hospital, located in the outer suburbs of Shanghai, has changed greatly since it became Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital. It has become a reality for residents to "stay in the village for minor illnesses and stay on the island for serious illnesses". All this stems from the connection with Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine.

　　In January 2009, Xinhua Hospital began to build Chongming Central Hospital. In April 2011, the regional medical association model was pioneered in China. At present, a "Xinhua —" led by Xinhua Hospital, with Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital as the core unit, and secondary medical institutions and 18 community health service centers in the joint area has been formed. Chongming Regional Medical Association ".

　　General surgery carried out the first laparoscopic repair of esophageal hiatal hernia, orthopedics carried out the first arthroscopic knee surgery, urology carried out the first laparoscopic nephrectomy, and successfully carried out the first gas-free endoscopic thyroidectomy via retroauricular approach in China & HELIP; … Since the construction of the medical association, more than 60 new technologies and projects have been introduced into Chongming, filling the gap in medical technology on the island. Three diagnostic centers for examination, imaging and ECG have been built. Residents on the island can enjoy the medical technology diagnosis service of tertiary hospitals when they have an examination in the community health service center, and they no longer have to travel to the urban area for an hour or two to see an "expert clinic". At present, the on-island medical treatment rate of Chongming residents exceeds 95%.

　　Behind the remarkable improvement of medical level in Chongming Island is the silent dedication and persistence of a large number of experts sent by Xinhua Hospital. Up to now, Xinhua Hospital has sent 45 experts to Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital, including 14 academic leaders working part-time and 31 resident experts, covering 22 disciplines. Xinhua Hospital also launched the "Excellent Young Medical Talents Training Program" in Chongming Branch. Gao Ming, a young general surgery doctor, became one of the first batch of "excellent young people" in 2011. In the past few years, Gao Ming obtained a master’s degree and became the deputy director of general surgery. Nowadays, master’s degree or doctor’s degree accounts for nearly 60% of general surgeons in Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital, which was zero before Xinhua Hospital aided Chongchong.

　　The sinking of expert resources in tertiary hospitals has obviously promoted the medical level of secondary hospitals and community health centers in Shanghai. "Xuhui District — After the establishment of the "Zhongshan Hospital" medical association, more than 30 well-known international and domestic experts from Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University opened teaching rounds, expert clinics, guided operations and gave lectures and discussions in Shanghai Xuhui District Central Hospital. The workstation of Academician Ge Junbo of Chinese Academy of Sciences was unveiled, and the endoscopy center of Xuhui Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, with Professor Yao Liqing as its director, was officially launched … … The expert "luxury lineup" went into battle, which activated the vitality of secondary hospitals and also reduced the pressure and diverted the tertiary hospitals. The departments of general surgery, orthopedics, oncology and ultrasound in Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital have successively become key medical specialties in Shanghai. "In the past, this all belonged to urban hospitals ‘ Exclusive ’ It is not easy to achieve such achievements in the discipline construction of suburban hospitals. " Fei Zhewei, executive director of Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital, said.

　　At the "Two-way Referral" service desk on the first floor of Shanghai Minhang District Central Hospital, the research team learned that the hospital has set up a "two-way referral" green channel, and based on the "Zhongshan Hospital-Minhang" medical association, it has established two-way referral channels with seven community health service centers in the north of Minhang District, providing convenience for contracted residents to transfer to the community for priority appointment, priority payment, priority treatment and priority inspection.

　　For a long time, the community health service centers in the outer suburbs are short of medical staff and people’s trust in primary medical institutions is not enough, which is the crux of the difficulty in promoting graded diagnosis and treatment. Shanghai gives full play to the leading role of tertiary public hospitals, aiming at the needs of disease spectrum and diagnosis and treatment of key diseases in the region, and strengthens the sinking of high-quality medical resources into the platform of community health service center through the forms of co-construction of departments, joint outpatient service of all specialties and teaching demonstration, so as to promote the improvement of the overall medical service level in the region. At the same time, we will further enhance the support of high-quality resources for family doctors’ contracting services, and continuously improve the service level of family doctors through services such as remote consultation, remote ECG diagnosis and remote image diagnosis. In 2018, a total of 330,000 remote consultation services were provided to the community.

　　Since the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline was issued, the concept of "great health" has become a major innovation in health and health undertakings. Since January 2018, "Xinhua — Chongming regional medical association entered the "2.0 era", and changed from "treatment-centered" to "health-centered", paying attention to the health management of the whole population and the whole life cycle, and developing towards the great health goal of "early detection, early treatment, less illness and no illness". At present, the "Health Wisdom House for Chronic Disease Management" in Luhua Community and the "Information Health Wisdom House" in Chengqiao Community have been built to undertake the functions of health screening, health education, prevention and control of chronic diseases and graded diagnosis and treatment for community residents. At the same time, a health lecture hall will be held to cultivate the healthy lifestyle of residents in the form of centralized teaching and free consultation.

　　2. Innovating system and mechanism to protect medical association.

　　In January and April of 2011, Shanghai launched two regional medical complexes, namely Ruijin-Luwan and Xinhua-Chongming. In December 2017, the General Office of the Shanghai Municipal Government issued the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Construction and Development of Medical Associations in this Municipality", which put forward specific requirements for promoting the construction and development of medical associations in this Municipality, and basically established the institutional framework of medical associations. The regional medical association represented by "Xinhua-Chongming", the specialist medical association represented by "Pediatric Medical Association" and the radiation medical association represented by "Huashan Dermatology Medical Association" were launched in an all-round way, and all three-level public hospitals participated and played a leading role.

　　Minhang District has continuously increased investment to provide financial support and organizational guarantee for the capital construction of medical institutions in the region, the purchase of large-scale equipment, the training and introduction of talents, and the construction of key disciplines. Give policy support to the cooperative health service system of medical teaching and research. At the same time, Minhang District provides regional medical services and health management information data, and realizes interconnection and resource sharing with Fudan University.

　　In terms of innovative talent team construction, Xuhui District explores the new mechanism of talent training and use under the framework of medical association, and relies on medical association to strengthen the cultivation of general practitioners’ clinical ability in otolaryngology, ophthalmology, ultrasound medicine, oral cavity and child health care, so as to alleviate the shortage of talents in weak clinical disciplines in the community. The South Campus of Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Pujiang Community Health Service Center have cooperated in various ways in personnel training. Through the diabetes grading diagnosis and treatment studio and cardiovascular expert studio, the experts from the South Campus have taught the general practitioners in the center, and arranged the general practitioners in the service center to make teaching rounds in Jen Jinan Hospital to promote the flow of talents.

　　Medical insurance reform is an important starting point to incite the coordinated reform of "responsibility, right and benefit" of medical associations. "Xinhua — Chongming regional medical association "pilot medical insurance total package prepayment mechanism, improve the incentive and risk sharing mechanism of" balance retention and reasonable overspending sharing ",and enhance the enthusiasm of medical institutions for self-management; At the same time, the reform of contract service fee and performance pay system for family doctors will be used to promote the effective service of family doctors.

　　In terms of management and service mode, the internal personnel, resources and equipment of the close medical association shall be managed in a unified way, and the medical institutions affiliated to the medical association shall purchase and distribute drugs and consumables in a centralized way, with division of labor and cooperation for mutual benefit and win-win, so as to gradually realize the homogeneous management of health and medical services in the medical association, promote the sinking of high-quality resources and enhance the ability of primary medical services.

　　In December 2018, the Shanghai Municipal Health and Health Commission formulated the Planning Plan for the Construction of Medical Associations in Shanghai (Trial) and the Work Plan for Comprehensive Performance Appraisal of Medical Associations (Trial), aiming at promoting the construction of graded diagnosis and treatment system, establishing a performance appraisal system for medical associations, evaluating the operation and effectiveness of medical associations, and effectively guiding the work of medical associations. Coordinate the salary distribution within the medical association and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of medical staff. Encourage medical institutions above the second level in the medical association to send professional and technical and management talents to primary medical and health institutions.

　　Xuhui District has improved the post assessment and appointment methods of community health service centers, and continued to give policy preference to community health service centers in terms of talent selection, scientific research projects, and evaluation. Minhang District has included the two-way referral of medical associations, technical assistance from higher-level hospitals to primary hospitals, etc. into the comprehensive budget, district comprehensive target management assessment and performance assessment of public hospitals, which has provided a strong guarantee for the healthy development of medical associations.

　　3. Information technology construction empowers medical associations

　　"Thanks to the remote ECG consultation, otherwise my illness would be really delayed." Gong Daye, a resident of pujiang town community in Minhang District, realized the benefits of remote ECG consultation. Recently, Gong Daye suddenly suffered from chest tightness after exercising at home, and went to the community hospital to have an ECG. The community doctor immediately transmitted it to Minhang District Central Hospital. The experts in the remote consultation center immediately gave a diagnosis of acute anterior myocardial infarction and suggested that he should go to the superior hospital for treatment immediately. Gong Daye was quickly referred to Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University with better conditions, and his condition was quickly controlled.

　　Sun Keyu, director of the emergency department of Minhang Central Hospital, told the research team that the patient "filmed" in the community service center nearby, and doctors in Minhang District Central Hospital could read the film remotely through the Internet and complete the diagnosis report in time, so residents did not have to run around looking for experts with "films". Such a convenient "diagnosis chain" benefited from information technology as a link. The research team learned that the hospital used MUSE (Electrocardiogram Information Management System) and PACS (Medical Image Information System) to diagnose the cases uploaded by the community health service center, which improved the correct diagnosis rate of community patients. According to reports, in 2018, the hospital had more than 100,000 MUSE consultations and more than 200,000 PACS consultations.

　　Queue for registration, medical treatment, payment and medicine … … The time spent queuing in the hospital often makes people "tired and unloved". In order to explore a new mode of Internet medical information service for the benefit of the people, the Minhang District Health and Health Commission has gradually changed the passive waiting mode in the traditional medical service process since 2016. Residents only need to download the "Minhang Jieyi" APP and bind the medical card or medical insurance card through mobile phone registration, so that they can make an appointment, register, pay, check the waiting queue and test report at one time, which simplifies the medical treatment process and shortens the queuing time. Up to now, the "Minhang Jieyi" system has been put into use in 20 hospitals in the whole district, which has been widely praised by residents in the area.

　　Walking into the "Daytime Chemotherapy" Center of Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, the research team saw that "intravenous drug dispensing robots" were busy working. The medical staff took the patient’s prescription from the Internet, printed and generated the QR code, and then posted it on the infusion bag. Then, the medicine, disposable dispenser and infusion bag were placed on the fixed device inside the robot. After scanning the QR code, the robot began to dispense drugs automatically. In the past, intravenous chemotherapy drugs in hospitals were manually prepared by Yamatonokusushi, a nurse in the intravenous drug allocation center. The toxicity of drugs and the difference in operating environment pose certain risks to medical staff and patients. "This ‘ Robot ’ It not only realizes the traceability of the drug preparation process, the automatic recovery of medical waste, but also connects with the hospital information system, making the drug preparation process digital and intelligent, protecting the staff and reducing the pollution of dispensing. " Zhang Jidong, deputy dean of Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, introduced.

　　In addition, through the whole process of information management, Yan Chai Hospital seamlessly connects the outpatient process and hospitalization process of patients undergoing day surgery, and manages all aspects of patients from admission registration to discharge, guiding patients to treat in an orderly manner. Zhang Jidong said that the qualification management of the doctor in charge of daytime surgery was established in the information system, and the admission system standards for daytime surgery were increased in the workstation module of outpatient doctors, such as disease type restrictions and surgical restrictions. At the same time, the system collected and accumulated a large number of clinical diagnosis and treatment data, which also promoted the research on the diagnosis and treatment of daytime surgical diseases.

　　Jinshan District realizes seamless communication of two-way referral through WeChat group; Minhang district uses the database of blood sugar information management system to give advice on blood sugar control in time; Xuhui District will build a full-scale cloud platform, play the role of a secondary hospital hub, and provide online green channels for contracted residents; Renji Hospital in Pudong District realizes the cross-hospital sharing of patients’ electronic medical records, and residents’ health information and data are recorded in real time, accurately and completely, which greatly improves the medical and health management ability … … With the help of information technology, Shanghai has built a bridge of communication between medical institutions at all levels, and through the sharing of medical information among medical institutions in the medical association, it has realized centralized diagnosis and mutual recognition of graded diagnosis and treatment, two-way referral, examination and inspection.

　　It is understood that at present, through the information-based priority referral channel in Shanghai, the city’s community health service centers have referred more than 800,000 people to higher-level hospitals during the year, and higher-level hospitals have referred 69,000 people to the community. The timely and smooth medical experience has enhanced the "viscosity" within the medical association, laying the foundation for deeper graded diagnosis and treatment. The "information-based medical association" constructed in Shanghai weaves a large network of residents’ health protection and constructs a whole-process health management model.

　　4. Regional resource sharing makes experts close to home.

　　"I have been going to Shanghai to see an expert before. Not only is it very difficult to register, but I have to stay in Shanghai one day in advance, and I will queue up at 4 or 5 in the morning the next day. It is already afternoon after seeing the doctor." Ms. Wang, who lives in Ningbo, said that now, she can see the expert number from Shanghai Renji Hospital in just over an hour by driving from Ningbo to Hangzhou Bay New District, saving a lot of time and energy.

　　Ningbo Hospital, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, located in Hangzhou Bay New District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, has become a high-end medical and health center in northern Ningbo since its opening at the beginning of this year. Once, like Ms. Wang, she traveled to Shanghai to see a doctor, but now she can easily make an appointment to see a Shanghai expert for outpatient service and surgery. "In the future, residents of Nantong, Jiangsu Province will also be able to make appointments for experts in Renji Hospital at their doorsteps." Zhang Jidong told the research team that after the completion of Renji Nantong Hospital, 30— people will be selected from the existing functions and heads of clinical and medical departments; A team of 50 excellent hospital managers and experts went to Nantong to work together in medical services, discipline construction, personnel training and scientific research.

　　In order to promote the extension of high-quality resources to the grassroots level and effectively realize the functions of resource sharing, regional linkage and complementary advantages, Shanghai has established a number of medical associations and specialist alliances in the Yangtze River Delta region.

　　Relying on three-level hospitals such as Pediatric Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Xinhua Hospital and Ruijin Hospital, five "pediatric medical associations" of "East, South, West, North and China" have been built in the city. At present, there are 86 member units, including 8 tertiary hospitals, 15 secondary hospitals and 63 community health service centers. Fudan Pediatric Medical Association has also continuously strengthened technical support and radiation, and implemented the homogenization of service quality and safety in the pediatric medical association. By the end of 2018, more than 20 pediatric appropriate technologies had been steadily popularized. The number of pediatric outpatient and emergency visits in 19 general hospitals in Fudan Pediatric Medical Association was more than 1.24 million, down by 9.26% compared with 2017. The number of pediatric outpatient visits in the community health service centers in the five districts of Shinan District of Shanghai was more than 280,000, up by 9.87% compared with 2017. The regional pediatric medical association’s graded diagnosis and treatment service system has achieved initial results.

　　This kind of specialized medical association led by "big specialty" was quickly spread in Shanghai, and specialized medical associations such as obstetrics and gynecology and oncology were also established. For example, the "Obstetrics and Gynecology Specialist Medical Association" is a network of obstetrics and gynecology diagnosis and treatment formed by the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Fudan University in conjunction with 12 hospitals in the city; The "Medical Association for Cancer Prevention and Treatment" is a medical association in which the Cancer Hospital affiliated to Fudan University cooperates with Baoshan, Minhang, Jinshan and other regions to carry out cancer screening, follow-up and rehabilitation to alleviate the "difficulty in seeing a doctor" of tumor patients in outer suburbs. At the same time, in order to promote the improvement of regional medical service capacity, Shanghai launched inter-provincial medical cooperation. Ruijin Hospital established cooperative relations with 28 hospitals all over the country, and took the lead in setting up the first medical association of hematology specialty in China, radiating high-quality resources throughout the country.

　　5. Thoughts on the Construction of Shanghai Medical Association

　　— — The construction of medical association needs to strengthen top-level design and system guarantee, and become a community of service, responsibility, interest and management. Shanghai has implemented the government’s main responsibility for running medical services, given full play to the supporting role of medical insurance in the construction of medical associations, improved the personnel security and incentive mechanism, and established an assessment and evaluation mechanism for medical associations. A series of institutional and institutional innovations have provided a strong guarantee for the construction of medical associations. From 1.0 to 2.0, the continuous development of medical association has put forward higher requirements for all participants. We should further strengthen the internal responsibility sharing and benefit sharing, open up all links within the medical association, and form a joint force among medical institutions, medical insurance, finance and other departments to promote the realization of "people-to-people communication", "finance communication" and "medical communication" from top to bottom. We should avoid over-reliance on administrative orders, but stimulate the endogenous motivation of medical institutions through mechanisms such as financial support, incentive mechanism and performance distribution within the medical association, and finally realize the transition from "managing diseases" to "medical communication"

　　— — Through graded diagnosis and treatment, we can realize the sinking of high-quality resources and the shift of work focus, and improve the overall efficiency of the primary medical service system. Through graded diagnosis and treatment in Shanghai, the expert resources of tertiary hospitals have sunk, which has significantly promoted the medical level of secondary hospitals and community health centers, and solved the problems such as unreasonable medical structure, unbalanced resource distribution and weak primary health service capacity. In view of this, to promote graded diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to improve the cooperation mechanism within the medical association, realize the sharing of medical resources, and optimize the two-way referral mechanism. We should establish a green channel for two-way referral, simplify the referral process, and build a bridge between primary hospitals and clinical specialties in tertiary hospitals, so that people can enjoy high-quality medical services in large hospitals conveniently. At the same time, lectures on popular science knowledge and free consultation are held in medical institutions at all levels of the medical association to publicize and promote the medical association and the two-way referral model to community residents, so as to improve the first-time consultation rate of the masses in primary medical and health institutions.

　　— — The reform of medical association focuses on "association", and information technology makes hospital management glow with new vitality. In Shanghai, the research team saw that HIS (Hospital Information System), EMRS (Electronic Medical Record System), PACS, etc. have already become the most critical links in hospital information management. However, the reform of Shanghai Medical Association opened a demonstration clinic in district hospitals by exporting technology, sending experts, carrying out standardized training, and building a remote network cooperation platform, so as to promote the homogenization of medical treatment process, diagnosis and treatment norms and medical service quality between district hospitals and tertiary hospitals through information interconnection. At present, in order to further improve the "internet plus" medical insurance management, two-way referral green channel, and medical quality management informationization, Shanghai Medical Association actively explores advanced technical means such as smart platform, big data, artificial intelligence, etc., so that the medical resources and information in the medical association can reach the end of patients, from passively accepting patients’ consultation to actively providing all-round and full-cycle medical and health services.

　　— — Establishing a specialist alliance across regions is a "high-level version" of the medical association. Shanghai is dominated by one or more tertiary hospitals, combined with the same expertise of other medical institutions, forming a number of key specialty medical associations such as pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, hematology, oncology, etc. It can be said that it is a "high-level version" of the medical association. While improving the ability to treat major diseases of the specialties, through deep docking, it radiates and promotes the improvement of medical services within and between the Yangtze River Delta region, amplifying the overall efficiency of high-quality medical resources, and finally realizing the same city for patients to seek medical treatment. (Guangming Daily Research Group Cao Jijun Jing Zhao Yan Weiqi Ma Shanshan Lan Yani)

Xinhua Silk Road, Beijing, September 2 (Reporter Dong Daoyong) "How to enjoy preferential tax agreements? How to prevent overseas tax risks? How to deal with issues such as the collection and management of overseas tax authorities is a huge test for’ going out’ enterprises. " Linlin Chen, finance minister of Ningbo Xinmingda Knitting Co., Ltd. said.

Rules and standards are the bridge and link to promote interconnection. Since the "One Belt, One Road" initiative was put forward, China has taken "soft connectivity" as an important support, steadily expanded institutional opening, and continued to promote cooperation with the co-construction countries in the fields of standards and norms, tax collection and management, intellectual property rights, digital information, etc., and promoted the co-construction of the "Belt and Road" along the direction of high-quality development.

"One Belt, One Road" cooperation in tax collection and management has gone deep and solid.

Taxation plays an important role in the national governance system, playing a fundamental, pillar and supportive role. Because there are many differences in the level of economic development, tax design and the ability of tax collection and management, strengthening coordination and cooperation in the field of taxation plays an increasingly important role in promoting the high-quality construction of the Belt and Road.

In April 2019, the first multilateral tax cooperation platform initiated by China-the "Belt and Road" tax collection and management cooperation mechanism was formally established, which played an important role in strengthening the capacity building of tax collection and management and promoting the construction of a growth-friendly tax environment. At present, the number of members of the Council of the cooperation mechanism has increased to 36, and the number of observers has increased to 30. The "circle of friends" and its influence have continued to expand.

"There are many uncertainties in setting up companies abroad and opening up overseas markets. The difference in tax policies between different countries is a problem we often encounter." Jiang Jingyuan, chief financial officer of China Yituo Group Co., Ltd. said that on the way of "going out", the tax authorities took the initiative to sort out the tax-related guidelines for overseas investment in advance, and provided accurate guidance on the preferential treatment of tax treaties and tax risks involved during the establishment of the company, which solved the worries of enterprise development.

The picture shows the tax bureau of Runzhou District, Zhenjiang City, State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, going to the "going out" enterprises to publicize the latest preferential tax policies for international taxation.

In terms of "going global", China has signed agreements to avoid double taxation with 112 countries (regions) around the world, which basically covers the main destinations of China’s foreign investment and most of the "Belt and Road" partners, providing a strong tax legal guarantee for "going global" enterprises to eliminate double taxation and resolve cross-border tax-related disputes.

In terms of "bringing in", the electronic tax bureaus of various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China have recently launched the scene of "non-resident cross-border taxation", and non-resident enterprises around the world can apply for tax-related matters online to realize "one place registration and coding, national mutual recognition".

Meng Yuying, director of the International Taxation Department of State Taxation Administration of The People’s Republic of China, said that at a new starting point, the tax authorities will give full play to their tax functions, take the initiative to serve the overall situation of the country, and make greater efforts to help build the "Belt and Road".

The "Belt and Road" standard cooperation is getting closer and closer.

Research by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) shows that standards and product conformity assessment affect 80% of global investment and trade, and technical standards can promote economic globalization and investment facilitation. Since the "One Belt, One Road" initiative was put forward, the pace of China’s participation in international standards has accelerated.

Bi Shunjie, managing partner of Ernst & Young’s Greater China business, said that the "soft connectivity" of rules and standards is an important support for building the "Belt and Road Initiative" with high quality. Constantly strengthening the construction of international cooperation mechanism is the key to jointly build the "Belt and Road Initiative" and "Soft Unicom".

The picture shows the construction site of the Sino-Thai railway photographed by Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. The Sino-Thai Railway is designed and built according to China standards. It is the flagship project of "One Belt, One Road" jointly built by China and Thailand and the first standard gauge high-speed railway in Thailand. (photo of drone, taken on February 23, 2023)

The reporter learned that in order to support the "Belt and Road" high-quality co-construction, the State Administration of Markets took the lead in building the "Belt and Road" national standard information platform, conformity assessment service trade facilitation information platform and technical trade measures public service platform, and promoted the "Belt and Road" to build national standards connectivity.

Since 2014, China has signed 43 standardized cooperation agreements with 36 countries and international (regional) organizations that have jointly established the Belt and Road Initiative, and signed 127 conformity assessment cooperation documents and agreements with more than 30 countries and regions, thus establishing a national cooperation and exchange platform with the Belt and Road Initiative.

"Promoting the" One Belt, One Road "initiative requires continuous pioneering and innovation in all walks of life, and it can also promote the common prosperity of the whole society." Bi Shunjie said that to continuously strengthen the "soft connectivity" of the "Belt and Road" international rules and standards, it is necessary to pay attention to and handle the multi-party relations, especially to give play to China’s guiding role.

"One Belt, One Road" intellectual property cooperation is mutually beneficial and win-win

In the past ten years, China has continuously expanded its opening to the outside world, and the layout of national intellectual property rights jointly built with the "Belt and Road" has been strengthened in both directions. The data shows that in the past ten years, a total of 115 countries that have jointly built the "Belt and Road" have applied for patents in China, with a total of 253,000 patents, with an average annual growth rate of 5.6%.

In 2022, the number of patent applications filed by enterprises in China in the countries jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative reached 12,000, up 16.4% year-on-year. Among them, the number of applications in the three technical fields of motors, electrical devices, electric energy, medicines, materials and metallurgy increased by more than 70% year-on-year. The continuous activity of patent applications shows the vitality of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative.

The picture shows the scene of the first meeting of directors of intellectual property offices in China-Central Asia. The meeting conducted in-depth exchanges on intellectual property cooperation between China and Central Asia and adopted the Joint Statement of the First Meeting of Directors of Intellectual Property Offices in China-Central Asia.

In the past ten years, strengthening communication and cooperation in the field of intellectual property rights has been supported and responded by countries that have jointly built the "Belt and Road". Up to now, China has signed cooperation agreements with 56 national intellectual property management institutions, and promoted the exchange of intellectual property information and business sharing among countries by providing "cloud patent examination" system accounts to nearly 30 countries.

Cai Zhonghua, a professor at beijing university of chemical technology, said that China and the co-construction countries continued to promote technical exchanges and cooperation between the co-construction countries on the basis of deepening intellectual property cooperation agreements and the rapid growth of two-way patent layout, which provided important support for the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative.

In order to optimize the advertising operation order of the reception desk, encourage and commend honest, professional and high-quality advertising agencies, the General Manager’s Office of the Central Radio and Television General Station comprehensively evaluated the advertising agencies according to relevant management measures, and selected the 4A-level and 3A-level advertising agencies in 2022. The list is as follows.

A, the central radio and television station in 2022 4A advertising agency:

1. CTV Telex Media Co., Ltd.

2. Changrong Media Co., Ltd.

3. Beijing Yadea Advertising Co., Ltd.

4. Zhongcheng Achievement (Hainan) Rong Media Technology Co., Ltd.

5. Jiangsu ingram micro Culture Media Co., Ltd.

6. Beijing Century Runhua Advertising Co., Ltd.

7. Zhongshi Jinqiao Advertising Co., Ltd.

8. Beijing Dunhe International Film Media Co., Ltd.

9. Century Cultural Tourism Co., Ltd.

10. Zhongshi Zhiyang Sports Culture Industry (Beijing) Co., Ltd.

11. Beijing Guangyao Tianrun Advertising Co., Ltd.

Guangdong Advertising Group Co., Ltd.

13. Beijing Chinese and Foreign Celebrity Culture Technology Co., Ltd.

14. Beijing Tonglu Technology and Culture Co., Ltd.

15. Shanghai Zhongshi International Advertising Co., Ltd.

16. Jiangxi Guangheying Advertising Co., Ltd.

17. Beijing Henggao Culture Development Co., Ltd.

18. Anhui Jinyunlai Culture Media Co., Ltd.

19. Beijing Weiyang Creation Media Co., Ltd.

20. CCTV Creation Media Co., Ltd.

21. Beijing Shunfeng International Advertising Co., Ltd.

22. Beijing punctual boiling international advertising co., ltd.

23. Vision Attack Times (Beijing) Cultural Media Co., Ltd.

24. Beijing Zhongshi Guangjing Culture Development Co., Ltd.

25. Beijing Zongheng Times Advertising Co., Ltd.

26. Sanrenxing Media Group Co., Ltd.

27. Qunyi (Shanghai) Advertising Co., Ltd.

28. Huafeng Meteorological Media Group Co., Ltd.

29. Shenzhen Shengshi Haoye Culture Communication Co., Ltd.

30. Zhongshi Qianwei Film and Television Media Co., Ltd.

Two, the Central Radio and Television General Station in 2022 3A advertising agency:

1. Beijing Tomorrow Sunshine Advertising Co., Ltd.

2. Gravity Media Co., Ltd.

3. Beijing Xinglv International Media Co., Ltd.

4. Huayang Lianzhong Digital Technology Co., Ltd

5. Nanjing Yindu Ogilvy Advertising Co., Ltd.

6. Beijing Sun Flame International Media Co., Ltd.

7. Guizhou Tianma Media Co., Ltd.

8. Beijing Huacai Chuangjia Culture Communication Co., Ltd.

9. Lhasa Ruijie Jianbang Culture Media Co., Ltd.

10. Shanghai Prospect Media Co., Ltd.

11. Beijing Zhongshi Haocheng International Advertising Co., Ltd.

12. Beijing Tianchang Hongsheng Advertising Co., Ltd.

13. Beijing Xingguang Meichuan Culture Communication Co., Ltd.

14. Zhejiang New Orange Mutual Entertainment Culture Media Co., Ltd.

15. Shanghai Merlot Advertising Co., Ltd.

16. Qushui Tianqing Advertising Co., Ltd.

17. Hanyaboshi Cultural Media (Beijing) Co., Ltd.

18. Jin Juan Media Technology Co., Ltd.

19. Yangguang Jinxin (Beijing) Culture Media Co., Ltd.

20. Beijing Zhongshi Jingling Culture Media Co., Ltd.

21. Beijing Yilong Culture Media Co., Ltd.

22. Zhongshi Sports Entertainment Co., Ltd.

23. Beijing Radio and Television New Viewpoint Advertising Co., Ltd.

24. Beijing Zhenghe Zhongshi Advertising Co., Ltd.

25. Beijing Zhongshi Bainuo Advertising Media Co., Ltd.

26. Beijing Zhonggang Culture Media Co., Ltd.

27. Beijing Zhongtian Riyue Advertising Co., Ltd

28. Beijing Zhibo International Cultural Media Co., Ltd.

In order to encourage large customers to make good use of the high-quality communication resources of the reception desk for brand building, to encourage advertising agencies to improve the communication effect of customers with professional services, and to further strengthen the trinity cooperation among the reception desk, advertising agencies and customers, this year, on the basis of combing and summarizing the cooperation effect in the past year, the General Manager’s Office of the reception desk selected the classic cases of brand marketing communication of CCTV in 2021, which are divided into two categories. The list is as follows.

First, the Central Radio and Television General Station in 2021, "Brand Power Project" integration and dissemination of classic cases:

1. China Kweichow Moutai Distillery (Group) Co., Ltd.

2. Shandong Lu Hua Group Co., Ltd.

Alibaba (China) Co., Ltd.

4. COFCO Group Co., Ltd.

5. Shijiazhuang Junlebao Dairy Company Limited

6. Zhuhai Gree Electric Company Limited.

7. Yihai Kerry Food Marketing Co., Ltd.

8. Qingdao Haier Electric Sales & Service Co., Ltd.

9. Jiangsu Yanghe Winery Co., Ltd.

10. Yunnan Baiyao Group Co., Ltd

11. Beijing Zitiao Network Technology Co., Ltd.

12. Sichuan Langjiu Company Limited

Lenovo (Beijing) Co., Ltd.

14. China Mobile Communications Co., Ltd.

15. OCT Group Limited

Dalian Wanda Group Co., Ltd.

China Post Group Co., Ltd.

18. Huawei Terminal Company Limited

19. Bozhou Gujing Sales Co., Ltd

20. LU ZHOU LAO JIAO CO.,LTD Limited by Share Ltd.

Blue Moon (China) Co., Ltd.

22. Guangxi JD.COM Xinjie Electronic Commerce Co., Ltd.

Hangzhou Wahaha Group Co., Ltd.

24. Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group Co., Ltd.

25. Foshan Shunde Country Garden Property Development Co., Ltd.

26. Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd.

27. Hebei Yangyuan Zhihui Beverage Co., Ltd.

28. Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd.

29. China Telecom Company Limited

30. Hubei Jinpai Health Wine Co., Ltd.

China United Network Communication Co., Ltd.

32. Beijing Sankuai Online Technology Co., Ltd.

33. Anhui Kouzi Liquor Marketing Co., Ltd.

34. Henan Shuanghui Investment Development Co., Ltd.

35. Shandong Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism

36. Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd

37. Foshan Haitian Seasoned Food Co., Ltd.

Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.

39. Huaqiang Fangte Culture and Technology Group Co., Ltd.

40. Agricultural Bank of China Limited by Share Ltd.

41. China Industrial and Commercial Bank Co., Ltd.

42. China UnionPay Company Limited

43. China Everbright Bank Limited

2. Excellent communication partners of the Central Radio and Television General Station for the 2021-2022 "Double Olympic Games":

1. Anta Sporting Goods Group Co., Ltd.

2. Shanghai Dream Information Technology Co., Ltd. (Pinduoduo)

3. Beijing Huayi Huilong Network Technology Co., Ltd. (Aauto Quicker)

4. China First Automobile Co., Ltd. (Hongqi)

5. Shu Yi Shu Er Cultural Media (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Xiaohongshu)

6. Bank of China Limited

7. Beijing Lianjia Real Estate Agency Co., Ltd.

8. Beijing Mercedes-Benz Sales Service Co., Ltd.

9. Toyota (China) Investment Co., Ltd.

10. FAW-Volkswagen Sales Co., Ltd. (FAW-Volkswagen, Audi)

11. Beijing Huapin Borui Network Technology Co., Ltd. (directly employed by BOSS)

12. Allianz (China) Insurance Holdings Limited.

5月1日出版的第9期《求是》杂志发表中共中央总书记、国家主席、中央军委主席最高领袖的重要文章《在学习贯彻最高领袖新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育工作会议上的讲话》。

文章强调，要深刻认识开展这次主题教育的重大意义。第一，这是统一全党思想意志行动、始终保持党的强大凝聚力、战斗力的必然要求。思想上的统一是党的团结统一最深厚最持久最可靠的保证。我们这么大一个党，领导着这么大一个国家，肩负着带领全国各族人民实现国家强盛、民族复兴这个艰巨任务，全党必须统一思想、统一意志、统一行动。第二，这是推动全党积极担当作为、不断开创事业发展新局面的必然要求。我们党百年奋斗的伟大成就都是党团结带领全国各族人民拼出来、干出来的，要把党的二十大描绘的宏伟蓝图变成现实，仍然要靠拼、要靠干。第三，这是深入推进全面从严治党、以党的自我革命引领社会革命的必然要求。全面从严治党永远在路上，党的自我革命永远在路上，解决大党独有难题是一个长期而艰巨的过程，既需要常抓不懈，又需要集中发力，及时消除一切影响党的先进性纯洁性的因素，清除一切侵蚀党的肌体健康的病毒，确保党永远不变质、不变色、不变味。

The article points out that it is necessary to comprehensively and accurately grasp the objectives and requirements of theme education. The general requirements of this theme education are "learning ideas, strengthening party spirit, emphasizing practice and making new contributions". These four sentences reflect our Party’s consistent requirements of combining knowledge with practice, integrating theory with practice, and unifying the transformation of the subjective world with the transformation of the objective world. They are a closely linked, interconnected and internally unified whole. This general requirement should run through the whole process of this theme education. To carry out this theme education, the fundamental task is to adhere to the integration of learning, thinking and application, and the unity of knowing, believing and doing, and to turn Socialism with Chinese characteristics Thought in the new era into a powerful force to strengthen ideals, temper party spirit, guide practice and promote work, so that the whole party will always maintain a unified thought, a firm will, coordinated actions and strong combat effectiveness, and strive to achieve tangible results in building souls, enhancing wisdom, rectifying morals and promoting work through learning. Specifically, the following objectives should be achieved: first, to build a solid foundation by casting one’s heart and soul; second, to temper one’s character and strengthen loyalty; third, to work hard to promote development; fourth, to practice the purpose for the benefit of the people; and fifth, to establish a new style by being honest and loyal to the public. This theme education is not divided into stages and links. It is necessary to integrate theoretical study, investigation and research, promote development, examine and rectify, and promote it organically. All departments of the central and state organs should take a good lead and set an example, and demonstrate to promote the theme education to go deeper and more practical.

The article points out that it is necessary to strengthen the leadership of theme education. This theme education is a major event that concerns the overall situation, with tight time, heavy tasks and high requirements. Party committees (party groups) at all levels should attach great importance to it, carefully organize and implement it, and ensure the successful completion of various tasks of theme education. First, clear leadership responsibilities. Second, strengthen supervision and guidance. Third, pay attention to overall planning. Fourth, strengthen publicity and guidance.

The article emphasizes that the grand goal of building a strong country and national rejuvenation is inspiring and inspiring, and our generation of communist party people have a glorious mission and great responsibility. We should take this theme education as an opportunity to strengthen the party’s innovative theory, constantly improve the Marxist level of the whole party, constantly improve the party’s ruling ability and leadership level, concentrate on forging ahead in a new journey, work hard and bravely, and work together for building a socialist modern country and promoting the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in an all-round way!

　　The Sichuan provincial government issued a number of important policies in November. Among them, it involves many areas of people’s livelihood, such as pilot implementation of information benefiting the people, natural disaster relief, pioneering Sichuan action, national scientific quality action, high-definition Sichuan smart radio and television, and other important issues in economic development, such as Tianfu quality award selection management, rural one-two-three industry integration development, agricultural supply-side structural reform, Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Airport Airport Airport Economic Zone, accelerating the promotion of industrial product quality brand, and working rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee.

The General Office of the Provincial Government issued the "Implementation Plan for Promoting" Internet+Government Services "in Sichuan Province to Carry out Information Benefiting the People Pilot Project"

　　A few days ago, the General Office of the Provincial Government issued the "Implementation Plan for Promoting" Internet+Government Services "in Sichuan Province to Carry out Information Benefiting the People Pilot Project" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), and made it clear that by 2017, Chengdu, Mianyang and Neijiang, three national pilot cities for information benefiting the people, will initially realize "one application, one window acceptance and one network service" for government services across regions, levels and departments, and urban management, people’s livelihood and public services will basically be realized.

　　The "Proposal" proposes to promote cross-departmental, cross-regional and cross-level information sharing as the starting point, optimize service processes, smooth service channels and innovate service models, and actively promote comprehensive services such as online service, one-stop service, nearby service and city-wide service, and accelerate the realization of three major changes …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Printing and Distributing the Pilot Implementation Plan for Promoting "Internet+Government Services" in Sichuan Province to Carry out Information Benefiting the People

"Sichuan Tianfu Quality Award Selection Management Measures" was issued.

　　On December 1st, the "Management Measures for Sichuan Tianfu Quality Award Selection" will be officially implemented, marking a new step in the quality development of our province.

　　According to the measures, Tianfu Quality Award is managed dynamically, and there are three situations, namely: serious violations of discipline or major quality and safety accidents; The quality supervision and spot checks of all levels and departments are unqualified; Consumers (users) have a strong reaction to the quality (service), and there are major complaints from customers, employees, suppliers, society and other interested parties, and they are subject to administrative punishment by the relevant departments, and their awards will be revoked, honorary certificates, medals and bonuses will be recovered and publicly notified. The predecessor of Tianfu Quality Award is Sichuan Quality Award. "After the name change, it is conducive to the deep integration of Bashu culture, historical elements and quality elements …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Management Measures for the Selection of Sichuan Tianfu Quality Award

The general office of the provincial government issued the "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Integration and Development of Rural Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries"

　　The "Implementation Opinions on Promoting the Integration and Development of Rural Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries" issued by the General Office of the Provincial Government recently proposed to accelerate the cultivation of diversified industrial integration subjects and actively promote the integration and development of the entire agricultural industry chain.

　　Our province will innovate and carry out the training and certification system of agricultural professional managers, actively promote the business models of "land joint-stock cooperatives+agricultural professional managers+socialized services" and "large parks+small farms", encourage farmers to establish farmers’ cooperatives and land joint-stock cooperatives by converting land contractual management rights into shares, and encourage leading enterprises to focus on developing agricultural products processing, circulation, e-commerce, rural tourism and agricultural socialized services in rural areas, especially in poverty-stricken areas …[View Details]

　　View file:Opinions of the General Office of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government on Promoting the Integrated Development of Rural Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries

The General Office of the Provincial Government issued the Action Plan for Promoting the Structural Reform of Agricultural Supply Side and Accelerating the Green Development of Agricultural Innovation in Sichuan.

　　The "Action Plan for Promoting the Structural Reform of Agricultural Supply Side and Accelerating the Green Development of Agricultural Innovation in Sichuan" issued by the General Office of the Provincial Government recently proposed that by 2020, the moderate scale operation rate of land in the province will increase by 7.5 percentage points, the comprehensive mechanization rate will increase by 10 percentage points, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology will reach more than 60%, and the comprehensive vegetation coverage of grassland will reach 85%, basically achieving the obvious improvement of the supply capacity of safe agricultural products such as "one control, two reductions and three basics" and "three products and one standard".

　　Our province will focus on structural reform of agricultural supply side by adjusting structure, improving quality, promoting integration, reducing costs and making up shortcomings. While continuously improving agricultural infrastructure and equipment conditions, we will make overall plans to promote moderate scale operation, effective product supply, industrial integration development, application of scientific and technological achievements, brand building and market development …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Action Plan for Promoting the Structural Reform of Agricultural Supply Side and Accelerating the Green Development of Agricultural Innovation in Sichuan Province

The revised Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief in Sichuan Province was officially issued and implemented.

　　On November 10th, the reporter was informed that the revised Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief in Sichuan Province was officially issued and implemented. The Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief in Sichuan Province issued by the General Office of the provincial government on July 24, 2012 shall be abolished at the same time. "Compared with the original plan, the new plan reflects the support of the higher-level government to the lower-level government in disaster relief." The person in charge of the office of the Provincial Disaster Reduction Committee said.

　　The new plan adjusted specific indicators such as the number of deaths. The new plan clearly States that "Level 4 response will be started when more than 10 people are killed and less than 20 people are killed", while the original plan is "Level 4 response will be started when more than 10 people are killed and less than 30 people are killed" …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Emergency Plan for Natural Disaster Relief in Sichuan Province

The General Office of the Provincial Government issued the Planning Outline of Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Airport Airport Economic Zone.

　　With the construction of Chengdu Tianfu International Airport in full swing, the airport economic zone around the airport construction will also be rolled out. The reporter was informed that the general office of the provincial government issued the Outline of Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Airport Airport Economic Zone Planning (referred to as the Outline), which was divided into 10 parts, put forward the overall requirements for building an airport economic zone, clarified the spatial layout, and put forward six development priorities and safeguard measures to ensure the smooth implementation of the plan. What are the specific contents of the Outline? What industries will be focused on? Let’s take a look.

　　What will the airport economic zone look like in the future? In the "Outline", the development goals and strategic positioning of Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Airport Airport Economic Zone are clearly explained. The "Outline" clarifies that the planned total area of the airport economic zone is 298 square kilometers, which consists of Chengdu area and Ziyang area. The planning period is from 2016 to 2020 …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Planning Outline of Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Airport Airport Airport Economic Zone

Sichuan issued the Implementation Plan of Entrepreneurial Sichuan Action (2016-2020).　

　　By 2020, there will be 700 incubators in the province, 200 creative spaces will be added, and the number of invention patents per 10,000 people will reach 7.5 … Recently, Sichuan has issued the Implementation Plan for Entrepreneurial Sichuan Action (2016-2020). How will the "Program" stimulate the vitality of innovation and entrepreneurship, and how will it mobilize the enthusiasm of the public? Can we create a situation in which we want to create opportunities and create opportunities, thus releasing greater vitality for economic development? The reporter takes you to see how the "Entrepreneurial Sichuan Action" moves!

　　As far as the goal is concerned, the "Proposal" proposes that by 2020, Sichuan will form an incubation and cultivation system covering all cities (states) and counties (cities, districts) in the province; Form an entrepreneurial talent community with young college students, scientific and technological personnel in colleges and universities, scientific and technological workers in enterprises, entrepreneurs from overseas returnees, and grassroots talents as the main body …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan of Entrepreneurial Sichuan Action (2016-2020)

The General Office of the Provincial Government issued the Implementation Plan for the Outline of the Action Plan for the Scientific Literacy of the Whole People in Sichuan Province (2016-2020).

　　By 2020, the level of science and technology education, popular science facilities at the grass-roots level, popular science service ability and popular science resource development ability in our province will be significantly improved, and the proportion of citizens in the province with scientific quality will reach about 8%. This is the goal put forward in the "Implementation Plan for the Outline of the Action Plan for Scientific Literacy of the Whole People in Sichuan Province (2016-2020)" recently issued by the general office of the provincial government. To this end, the "Implementation Plan" takes science popularization informatization as the breakthrough point and the scientific quality action of key groups as the key point, and deploys 10 key tasks.

　　The "Implementation Plan" clearly states that our province will vigorously implement the "internet plus Popular Science" campaign. In this action plan, we will build a popular science service cloud in Sichuan, guide the construction of a popular science ecosystem of crowd-creation, crowd-sourcing, crowd-support, crowdfunding and sharing, and promote the formation of a "two-level construction and four-level application" popular science information service system …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Plan (2016-2020) of the Outline of the Action Plan for the National Scientific Literacy in Sichuan Province

The general office of the provincial government issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Promotion of Industrial Product Quality Brand"

　　A few days ago, the general office of the provincial government issued the "Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Promotion of Industrial Product Quality Brands", proposing that by 2020, the quality competitiveness index of industrial products in our province will be stable in the top 10 in the country, and more than 100 Sichuan-made brand enterprises will be cultivated to promote the transformation of enterprises from product competition and price competition to quality competition and brand competition.

　　In terms of product quality improvement, it is required to improve the quality level of enterprises, take technological innovation as the starting point for enterprises to improve quality, and reverse the situation of emphasizing manufacturing over research and development, emphasizing introduction over digestion, and emphasizing imitation over innovation; Improve the product quality supervision system, implement the classification supervision system, establish and improve the quality and safety traceability system, and establish a quality blacklist system; Establish a number of measurement standards urgently needed for the development of manufacturing industry, and set up the Sichuan manufacturing standard system …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Implementation Opinions on Accelerating the Promotion of Industrial Product Quality and Brand

The Working Rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee (Trial) and the Working Rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee Office (Trial) were issued.

　　The reporter was informed that the Working Rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee (Trial) and the Working Rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee Office (Trial) were issued a few days ago, which clarified the main responsibilities, main tasks, meeting system, office and working mechanism of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee and its office.

　　According to the Working Rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee (Trial), the main duties of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee are to study and approve important issues and policies to promote the economy, society, culture, reform and innovation, ecological construction and environmental protection of Sichuan Tianfu New District, and to consider and decide the annual key work arrangements for the economic and social development of Sichuan Tianfu New District. The rules also clarify that the management Committee implements a system of plenary meetings and special meetings. In principle, the plenary meeting will be held once every six months …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of Sichuan Provincial People’s Government on Printing and Distributing the Working Rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee (Trial) and the Working Rules of Sichuan Tianfu New District Management Committee Office (Trial)

The "Special Reform Plan for Building" High Definition Sichuan Smart Radio and Television "in Sichuan Province" was officially released.

　　Recently, the "Special Reform Plan for Building" High Definition Sichuan Smart Radio and Television "in Sichuan Province" was officially released. It is planned that by 2020, the creation and production of press, publication, radio, film and television content, modern public services, modern communication, technical support and industry supervision system will be basically completed, and Sichuan will be transformed from a big press, publication, radio, film and television province to a strong one. People in Sichuan will also enjoy the brand-new experience brought by "HD Sichuan Smart Radio and Television" in terms of sight, hearing, film, sound and reading.

　　By 2020, the press, publication, radio, film and television will realize high definition in content production, transmission channels, production and broadcasting platforms and receiving terminals, and establish the implementation standard of high definition in Sichuan. Provincial radio and television stations and Chengdu Radio and Television Station have realized high-definition production and broadcasting, and other city (state) radio and television stations have built more than one set of high-definition channels …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the General Office of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Printing and Distributing the Special Reform Plan for the Construction of "High Definition Sichuan Smart Radio and Television" in Sichuan Province

The provincial government issued the Sichuan National Fitness Implementation Plan (2016-2020).

　　A 15-minute fitness circle will be built in urban communities, and indoor and outdoor fitness venues will be built in newly-built communities … On November 29th, the reporter learned from the Sichuan National Fitness Implementation Plan (2016-2020) issued by the Sichuan Provincial People’s Government that in the next five years, Sichuan will focus on implementing the project of benefiting the people through sports, and co-ordinate the construction of a national fitness public service system, industrial chain and ecological circle. By 2020, the number of people who participate in physical exercise once or more a week in the province will reach 40 million, the number of people who regularly participate in physical exercise will reach 27 million, and the total scale of sports industry will reach 80 billion yuan.

　　With the acceleration of urbanization and the improvement of people’s demand for a healthy life, many people suddenly find that the venues and equipment available for fitness around them …[View Details]

　　View file:Notice of the People’s Government of Sichuan Province on Printing and Distributing the Sichuan National Fitness Implementation Plan (2016-2020)

This is the 2329th article of Da Yi Xiao Hu.

Up to now, there have been three epidemic outbreaks caused by coronavirus in this century, namely, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) that began to spread in 2012, and novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that appeared at the end of 2019. China is a country with severe disasters in SARS and this time in novel coronavirus.

First, what is coronavirus?

Coronavirus exists widely in nature. Coronavirus was first isolated from chickens in 1930s, and it was isolated from human nasal wash more than 20 years later by scholars and named B814 virus. Later, scholars made an in-depth study of the virus from its morphology, and found that the envelope of the virus had a spinous process like a corona and a king’s crown, so the coronavirus was named from this. Its natural hosts are mainly vertebrates, and people, cows, pigs, cats and bats are all its natural hosts.

Coronavirus is slightly spherical in shape, with a diameter of 80-160nm. The "crown" on its surface is a fiber process of 12-24nm, and the end of the fiber process is also spherical. The envelope of the virus consists of two layers of lipids, with membrane protein M and fibrillary protein S interspersed between them, and some coronaviruses also have hemagglutinin glycoprotein HE. The interior of the virus is composed of RNA and nucleocapsid protein N, showing a spiral structure.

S protein is the key protein of coronavirus-infected cells, which contains host cell receptor recognition sites and is the main determinant of virus virulence. M protein is the main protein responsible for virus particle assembly. N protein is closely combined with viral RNA, which can protect viral genomic RNA through spiral stacking and encapsulation. At the same time, it can delay the growth of infected cells and make them stay in the division period for a longer time, so that viral RNA can be translated to the greatest extent. HE protein plays a key role in the formation of virus particles.

As far as virus classification is concerned, coronavirus belongs to single-strand positive-strand RNA virus, which indicates that the genetic information of coronavirus is carried by RNA, and the cloned progeny virus has a high mutation rate. After entering the host cell, it directly uses ribosomes in the host cell to produce protein needed for virus replication without transcription. Coronavirus can kill cells, thus damaging various organs, and persistent infection occurs simultaneously with acute infection, mainly attacking gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and nervous system.

Second, the coronavirus that humans have fought.

Before SARS, it was thought that only two kinds of coronaviruses could cause human infection. At present, there are seven kinds of coronaviruses that can infect humans, including highly lethal coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and novel coronavirus virus (COVID-19).

The common feature of coronavirus is that it is generally sensitive to heat, and it is moderately stable in a suitable maintenance solution at 4℃, and can be stored for several years at -60℃. With the increase of temperature, the virus resistance decreases. Coronavirus is acid-resistant and alkali-resistant, and sensitive to organic solvents and disinfectants such as alcohol and ether.

The symptoms of coronavirus infection are mostly similar, mainly fever, chills, cough and so on. The main routes of transmission are droplet transmission and contact transmission.

1. SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by SARS-CoV. By July 2003, it had spread to 24 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and 28 other countries in China. A total of 8096 clinically diagnosed cases were reported worldwide, and 774 cases died. Nearly 20%~30% of the patients needed mechanical ventilation due to respiratory failure, and the mortality rate was 9.6%. Epidemiology in many provinces and cities showed that the mortality rate increased with age, mostly over 60 years old. Its incubation period is within 2 weeks, usually 2~10 days. The population is generally susceptible and has a strong epidemic degree. The main onset age is 20-30 years old. The source hosts may be bats and civets. The transmission routes are mainly from person to person: droplet transmission in close respiratory tract, aerosol transmission and hand-to-hand contact transmission; Animals and people: civets/bats ~ people (possible). SARS-CoV has the general characteristics of coronavirus, but it is not a mutant of other known coronaviruses, nor is it a recombinant of known coronaviruses. SARS-CoV infects lung epithelial cells, and its S protein binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2(hACE2) receptor, which invades and replicates in vivo. Because hACE2 is mainly in the lower respiratory tract, the symptoms of the upper respiratory tract are lacking, and the virus often peaks when hospitalized, which is easy to cause nosocomial infection of the lower respiratory tract.

2. MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) was caused by MERS-CoV, which was first confirmed in Saudi Arabia in 2012, affecting 27 countries and regions around the world, with a mortality rate of about 35%. According to statistics of a case, the mortality rate increases with age. The mortality rate is 39% in people younger than 50 years old and 75% in people over 60 years old. The longest incubation period is 14 days, and the population is generally susceptible. The median age of onset is 49 years old. Source host: it may be camel or bat. Transmission route: animal and human: dromedary ~ human (possible); People: Close contact. The infection site is epithelial cells in the lung, which causes explosive nosocomial transmission, and has obvious gastrointestinal symptoms and renal failure. It mainly binds to dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP4) in the lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and kidney, and there is no mutation that enhances human infection.

3. 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCOV)

Novel coronavirus was caused by 2019-nCOV. From mid-December 2019 to the beginning of 2020, 59 cases of unexplained pneumonia were reported in Wuhan, and similar cases were found in other regions and countries. On January 7, 2020, it was initially identified as "novel coronavirus", and on January 12, the WHO named the virus 2019-nCoV. Up to now, more than 70,000 cases have been diagnosed, and more than 2,400 cases have died, with a mortality rate of about 3.1%. It has spread to most provinces and cities in China and nearly 30 countries. The transmission routes may be droplet transmission, contact transmission and aerosol transmission. The incubation period is 1~14 days. At present, the source host may be a bat. Shi Zhengli’s team from Wuhan Institute of Virology has found that its genome is 79.5% identical to SARS-CoV and 40% similar to MERS-CoV. 2019-nCOV, like SARS-CoV, invaded by combining with human angiotensin converting enzyme 2(hACE2), infecting respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and testis, affecting heart function and liver function. According to the current data, compared with SARS and MERS, it is more contagious and the mortality rate is not as high as the first two.

Third, actively protect against novel coronavirus

Personal protection requires frequent hand washing and hand hygiene. Cover your mouth and nose with paper towels when coughing or sneezing, which can effectively prevent the spread of droplets. Wear masks in public places, avoid contact with animals with unknown health conditions, and reduce the trading of live birds and wild animals.

At present, various industries have started to return to work. For the office, everyone should actively declare their health. If there are suspicious symptoms such as fever, fatigue and cough, it is recommended to seek medical advice in time, avoid going to work sick, strengthen ventilation and ventilation in public areas, clean and disinfect public areas and public goods regularly, keep the environment clean and hygienic, keep a proper distance when there are many people in the unified office area, and reduce centralized meetings by video and teleconference.

Authors: Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Written by Zhang Yijie

Xiong xudong revises

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The municipal finance bureau, Shunde Finance and Taxation Bureau, county (city) finance bureau directly under the jurisdiction of the finance department, provincial units and procurement agencies:

　　In order to standardize the disclosure of government procurement information in our province, improve the transparency of government procurement, and strengthen the social supervision of government procurement, according to the Budget Law of the People’s Republic of China, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law, the Measures for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law in Guangdong Province, and the Notice of the Ministry of Finance on Doing a Good Job in the Disclosure of Government Procurement Information, and other laws and regulations and government procurement-related regulations, we hereby notify you as follows.

　　First, the scope and subject of government procurement information disclosure

　　Procurement project information, including government procurement project budget, single-source publicity, procurement plan, procurement demand, pre-qualification announcement, procurement documents, procurement announcement, correction or change announcement, result announcement, procurement contract, acceptance report and other information, shall be disclosed by the purchaser or the procurement agency entrusted by him.

　　 Regulatory information, including complaints, supervision and inspection decisions made by the financial department, assessment results of centralized procurement institutions, and records of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors, shall be made public by the financial department.

　　Other government procurement information that should be disclosed by laws, regulations and rules shall be disclosed by the relevant subjects according to law.

　　The subject of government procurement information disclosure is responsible for the authenticity, integrity and compliance of the disclosed government procurement information.

　　Two, the government procurement information disclosure channels

　　The government procurement system in the online service hall of Guangdong Provincial Department of Finance (hereinafter referred to as Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network) is the designated public media of government procurement information in our province, and the information of government procurement projects must be made public in a unified format on the Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network.

　　In order to expand the coverage of information dissemination, government procurement information can also be published on the central main website of China Government Procurement Network (www.ccgp.gov.cn), China Finance and Economics News (China Government Procurement News), China Government Procurement Magazine, China Finance Magazine, and other media designated by local financial departments or purchasers’ own public channels.

　　The information of procurement projects with a budget of more than 5 million yuan and the information records of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors of government procurement are pushed to the central main website of China Government Procurement Network by Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network for release.

　　Three, the government procurement information disclosure content and time limit

　　Government procurement information includes government procurement project information, government procurement supervision information, and other government procurement information that should be disclosed as stipulated by laws, regulations and rules. In addition to information involving state secrets, commercial secrets and laws and regulations that should be kept confidential, government procurement information such as project budget, single-source publicity, procurement plan, procurement demand, pre-qualification announcement, procurement documents, procurement announcement, correction or change announcement, result announcement, procurement contract, acceptance report and regulatory information shall be disclosed to the public in a timely manner according to procedures.

　　(1) Budget of procurement projects.

　　 The budget amount of government procurement projects shall be disclosed in procurement announcements such as tender announcement, prequalification announcement, competitive negotiation announcement, competitive consultation announcement and inquiry announcement, as well as procurement documents such as tender documents, negotiation documents, consultation documents and inquiry notice. The budget amount of the procurement project is based on the government procurement budget in the departmental budget approved by the financial department; The projects purchased before the departmental budget is approved shall be subject to the government procurement plan in the detailed project budget approved by the financial audit; If the specific procurement items have been listed in the departmental budget, they shall be disclosed according to the budget amount of the specific procurement items in the departmental budget; If the procurement items are not listed in the departmental budget, the departmental budget shall be decomposed according to the actual work and made public according to the budget amount of the specific procurement items after decomposition.

　　(2) single-source publicity.

　　Meet the standard of the amount of public bidding, in line with the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 31 of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Municipal Government Procurement Law, and can only purchase from a single supplier. Before reporting to the financial department for approval, the purchaser and the procurement agency shall publicize it in the media designated by the financial department at or above the provincial level. The publicity content shall include the purchaser; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Description of the goods or services to be purchased; Reasons for adopting single-source procurement method and related explanations; The name and address of the proposed unique supplier; Independent opinions of experts on the uniqueness of relevant suppliers due to patents, proprietary technology and other reasons, as well as the name, work unit and professional title of the experts; Comprehensive opinions of the expert group; Time limit for publicity; Contact matters, etc. The publicity period shall not be less than 5 working days. (See attachment format 1)

　　(3) Procurement plan.

　　The public content of the procurement plan shall include the purchaser; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Name of the purchased item; Budget amount of procurement project; Purchase quantity; Demand time; Procurement method; Filing time, etc. After the procurement plan is filed by the financial department, the system will directly push it to the public. (See attachment format 2)

　　(4) Announcement on soliciting opinions on procurement requirements.

　　The procurement demand shall meet the requirements of technology, service and safety stipulated by laws and regulations and government procurement policies.

　　For public service projects provided by the government to the public, the purchaser shall solicit public opinions at least 10 working days before determining the procurement demand, and the contents of the announcement for soliciting opinions shall include the name of the procurement project; Name of the purchased item; Announcement period; Time and method of feedback; Contact matters, etc. (See attachment format 3)

　　(5) Pre-qualification announcement.

　　The pre-qualification announcement period is 5 working days.

　　1. Invitation to tender and other prequalification announcements. The public content shall include the procurement project number; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Project contents and requirements (including government procurement policies to be implemented for procurement projects); Contents, standards and methods of prequalification; Qualification documents to be submitted by the supplier; Time for submitting the prequalification application documents; The place where the prequalification application documents are submitted; Announcement period; Contact matters; Procurement documents, etc. The time for submitting pre-qualification application documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of announcement. (See attachment format 4)

　　The results of pre-qualification examination shall be determined and announced within 3 working days after the deadline for registration. The public contents shall include the purchaser and his contacts; Procurement agencies and their contacts; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Supplier registration, review, etc. (See Attachment Format 5)

　　2. Announcement on procurement prequalification of government and social capital cooperation projects (hereinafter referred to as PPP projects). The public content shall include the authorized subject of the project; Project implementation agency; PPP project number; PPP project name; Purchasing demand of PPP project; Qualification requirements for social capital (for example, whether the consortium is allowed to participate in procurement activities, whether the quantity of qualified social capital to participate in competition is limited, the methods and standards for limiting, qualification documents, etc.); Policy requirements such as purchasing domestic goods and services, technology introduction and transfer, and guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantees; Time for submitting the prequalification application documents; The place where the prequalification application documents are submitted; Announcement period; Contact matters; Procurement documents, etc. The time for social capital to submit prequalification application documents shall not be less than 15 working days from the date of announcement. (See Attachment Format 6)

　　(six) procurement documents, procurement announcements, corrections or changes.

　　1. Procurement documents. Procurement documents refer to the bidding documents in bidding and other procurement methods that send invitations to suppliers. The procurement documents shall be made public at the same time with the procurement announcement or the announcement of the bid winning and closing results.

　　(1) The contents of the tender documents shall include the budget amount of the procurement project; Business conditions, procurement requirements, qualifications of bidders, bid quotation requirements, bid evaluation methods, bid evaluation standards and the text of the contract to be signed. The provision period of the tender documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date when the tender documents are issued.

　　(2) The contents of competitive negotiation documents shall include supplier qualification conditions, procurement invitation, procurement method, procurement project budget amount, procurement demand, procurement procedures, price composition or quotation requirements, response document preparation requirements, deadline and place for submitting response documents, amount and form of deposit payment, and criteria for evaluating the transaction, etc. Clarify the contents that may be substantially changed by the negotiating team according to the negotiation with suppliers, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft contract. It shall not be less than 3 working days from the date when competitive negotiation documents are issued to the deadline when suppliers submit their first response documents.

　　(3) The contents of the inquiry notice shall include supplier qualification conditions, procurement invitation, procurement method, procurement project budget amount, procurement demand, procurement procedures, price composition or quotation requirements, response document preparation requirements, deadline and place for submitting response documents, amount and form of deposit payment, and criteria for evaluating the transaction, etc. It shall not be less than 3 working days from the date when the inquiry notice is issued to the deadline when the supplier submits the response documents.

　　(4) The contents of competitive negotiation documents shall include supplier qualification conditions, procurement invitation, procurement method, procurement project budget amount, procurement demand, government procurement policy requirements, evaluation procedures, evaluation methods, evaluation criteria, price composition or quotation requirements, response document preparation requirements, amount and form of deposit payment, non-refundable deposit, possible substantial changes during negotiation, deadline, opening time and place for submission of response documents, and terms of draft contract, etc. It shall not be less than 10 days from the date when the competitive negotiation document is issued to the deadline when the supplier submits the first response document. The sale period of competitive negotiation documents shall not be less than 5 working days from the date of commencement.

　　(5) The contents of 5)PPP project procurement documents shall include the procurement invitation, instructions to competitors (including the requirements of sealing, signing and stamping, etc.), the qualifications, credit and performance certification documents that competitors should provide, the procurement method, the government’s authorization to the project implementation agency, the approval of the implementation plan and the relevant project approval documents, the procurement procedures, the requirements for the preparation of response documents, the deadline for submitting response documents, the opening time and place, the amount and form of deposit payment, and the evaluation method. Evaluation criteria, government procurement policy requirements, draft contracts and other legal texts of government and social capital cooperation projects, details of variable project contracts in the negotiation of procurement results confirmation, and whether suppliers who have not participated in pre-qualification are allowed to participate in competition and conduct post-qualification review, etc. It is clear that the project contract must be submitted to the people’s government at the same level for examination and approval, and the project contract shall not take effect before it is approved; Policy requirements such as purchasing domestic goods and services, technology introduction and transfer, and guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantees.

　　Where competitive negotiation or competitive negotiation procurement is adopted, in addition to the contents specified in the preceding paragraph, the project procurement documents shall also specify the contents that may be substantially changed by the evaluation team according to the negotiation with social capital, including the technical and service requirements in the procurement requirements and the terms of the draft project contract.

　　 2. Procurement announcement.

　　(1) The contents of the public tender announcement shall include the number of the procurement project; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Purchase quantity; Contents and requirements of procurement projects (including government procurement policies to be implemented for procurement projects); Supplier qualification; The time, place and method of obtaining the tender documents and the selling price of the tender documents; Deadline for bidding; Place of submission of bid documents; Time of bid opening; Place of bid opening; Announcement period; Contact matters; Principal-agent agreement; Bidding documents, etc. The duration of the tender announcement is 5 working days. (See Attachment Format 7)

　　(2) The contents of competitive negotiation announcement, competitive consultation announcement and inquiry announcement shall include the procurement project number; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Purchase quantity; Project contents and requirements (including government procurement policies to be implemented for procurement projects); Supplier qualification; The time, place and method of obtaining negotiation, consultation and inquiry documents and the selling price of the documents; Deadline for submission of negotiation, consultation and inquiry documents; The place where the negotiation, consultation and inquiry documents are submitted; Time for negotiation, consultation and inquiry; Place of negotiation, consultation and inquiry; Announcement period; Contact matters; Principal-agent agreement; Competitive negotiation documents, competitive consultation documents, inquiry notices, etc. The period of competitive negotiation announcement, competitive negotiation announcement and inquiry announcement is 3 working days. (See Attachment Format 8)

　　(3) If the purchaser or procurement agency makes necessary clarifications or amendments to the issued bidding documents, prequalification documents, competitive negotiation documents and competitive negotiation documents in which suppliers are invited to participate by announcement, it shall issue a correction announcement in the original announcement media and notify all potential suppliers who have obtained the procurement documents in writing. The contents of the rectification announcement shall include the time of the original announcement, the name and number of the procurement project, and the reasons and contents of the rectification; Corrected deadline for bidding (response); Contact matters. (See Attachment Format 9)

　　If the clarification or modification may affect the preparation of bidding documents, prequalification application documents and response documents, a correction notice shall be issued at least 15 days before the deadline for bidding, at least 3 days before the deadline for submitting prequalification application documents, or 3 working days before the deadline for submitting the first response documents, and all potential suppliers who have obtained the procurement documents shall be notified in writing; If it is less than the above time, the deadline for submitting bid documents, prequalification application documents and response documents shall be postponed.

　　(4) The announcement of change refers to the announcement of extending the deadline of bidding and the time of bid opening. The contents of the announcement shall include the time of the original announcement, the name and number of the procurement project, and the reasons and contents of the change; The changed deadline for bidding (response); Contact matters. The notice of change shall be issued at least 3 days before the deadline for submission of bidding documents, and all recipients of bidding documents shall be notified in writing. (See Attachment Format 9)

　　(7) announcement of results.

　　1. Announcement of bid winning and closing results.

　　The bid winning and closing announcement period is 1 working day.

　　 (1) The contents of the announcement of the bid-winning and transaction results of government procurement projects such as open tender, invitation to tender, competitive negotiation, inquiry, single source and competitive negotiation shall include the number of the procurement project; Name of the procurement project; Budget amount of procurement project; Procurement method; The name, legal representative and address of the supplier who won the bid and clinched the deal; Name, specification, model, quantity, unit price, bid, transaction amount and service requirements of the bid-winning and transaction target; Review date, review place, list of persons in charge and members of the review committee (negotiation group, consultation group, inquiry group or single-source procurement group); Evaluation opinions (if the supplier is recommended to participate in procurement activities in writing, the recommendation opinions of the purchaser and evaluation experts shall also be announced); Announcement period; Contact matters; Bidding documents, competitive negotiation documents, competitive consultation documents, inquiry notice, etc. The announcement of the bid winning and closing results shall be published within 2 working days from the date when the bid winning and closing suppliers are determined. (See Attachment Format 10)

　　The agreed designated procurement project shall also announce the shortlisted price, price adjustment rules and preferential conditions.

　　(2) Pre-winning bid of 2)PPP project and publicity of transaction results. The publicity content shall include the PPP project number; PPP project name; Procurement method; The name, legal representative and address of the social capital that won the bid in advance; The name of the pre-winning bid and the target of the transaction, and the publicity period; Contact matters; According to the procurement documents, response documents, relevant addendum documents and confirmation negotiation memorandum, the text of the project contract (the text of the project contract shall take the important commitments and technical documents in the social capital response documents of pre-winning bid and transaction as annexes, and the contents involving state secrets and commercial secrets may not be publicized). The project implementation agency shall, within 10 working days after the pre-bid and the social capital of the transaction are determined, sign a memorandum of confirmation negotiation with the pre-bid and the social capital of the transaction, and publicize the pre-bid and the transaction results and the text of the project contract for not less than 5 working days. (See Attachment Format 11)

　　(3) Announcement of bid winning and closing results of 3)PPP project. The contents of the announcement shall include the PPP project number; PPP project name; Procurement method; The name, legal representative and address of the social capital that won the bid and clinched the deal; The name of the bid winner and the subject matter of the transaction, and the main conditions of the bid winner and the transaction (including but not limited to the cooperation period, service requirements, project budget, return mechanism, etc.); List of members of the review team and the negotiation working group for confirmation of procurement results; Policy requirements such as purchasing domestic goods and services, technology introduction and transfer, and guarantee requirements for social capital to participate in procurement activities and performance guarantees; Announcement period; Contact matters; Project contract text, etc. The announcement of the winning bid and the closing result shall be released within 2 working days after the expiration of the pre-winning bid and the closing result publicity without objection. (See Attachment Format 12)

　　 2. Notice on the cancellation of bid (termination). In case of invalid bid in public bidding and invitation bidding, an announcement of invalid bid shall be issued. In case of termination of procurement activities in competitive negotiation, competitive consultation, single-source procurement and inquiry, a project termination announcement shall be issued. The contents of the announcement of the cancellation of bid (termination) shall include the number of the procurement project; Name of the procurement project; Release time of procurement announcement; Time of bid opening (quotation); Matters, contents and reasons for the cancellation of bid (termination); The time of bid invalidation (termination); Contact matters, etc. The announcement of bid cancellation (termination) shall be issued within 2 working days from the date when the bid cancellation or project termination is determined. (See Attachment Format 13)

　　(8) Procurement contracts.

　　 The government procurement contract shall be made public within 2 working days from the date of signing. The part of the government procurement contract involving state secrets and commercial secrets may not be made public, but other contents shall be made public. The contents of government procurement contracts involving state secrets shall be determined by the purchaser in accordance with the Law on Guarding State Secrets and other legal systems. The contents of the procurement contract involving trade secrets shall be agreed by the purchaser with the supplier in the contract according to the provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, the Supreme People’s Court’s Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Civil Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC) (Fa Fa Fa [1992] No.22) and other legal systems. Among them, the name, specifications, unit price and contract amount of the subject matter of the contract shall not be regarded as trade secrets. Names and contact information related to personal privacy in the contract shall not be made public except with the consent of the obligee.

　　The government procurement contract shall specify the main clauses such as the contract object, contract amount, performance period and liability for breach of contract in accordance with the standard contract format and be completely disclosed. The disclosure of government procurement contracts shall include the purchaser; Purchase item number; Name of the procurement project; Contract number; Name of the contract; The successful bidder and the successful supplier, their addresses and contact information; Contract amount; Budget amount of procurement project; Time of signing the contract; Time of contract announcement; Contact matters; Announcement of winning the bid and closing the transaction; Procurement contract text, etc. (See Attachment Format 14)

　　If the government procurement contract signed after March 1, 2015 is not made public as required, it shall be made public in the format required by this notice before October 31, 2015.

　　(9) Acceptance report.

　　The public service projects provided by the government to the public shall invite the clients to participate in the acceptance and issue opinions, and the acceptance results shall be announced to the public. The contents of the acceptance report shall include the procurement project number; Name of the procurement project; Contract number; Name of the contract; The successful bidder and the successful supplier, their addresses and contact information; Contract amount; Name, specification, model, quantity, unit price, bid, transaction amount and service requirements of the bid-winning and transaction target; Acceptance conclusion; List of members of the acceptance team; Contact matters; Acceptance letter text, etc. (See Attachment Format 15)

　　The acceptance report shall be issued within 2 working days from the date of completion of performance acceptance.

　　(10) Regulatory information.

　　Government procurement supervision information mainly includes information on illegal and untrustworthy behaviors of government procurement parties and review experts, records of bad behaviors of government procurement parties and review experts, handling decisions such as government procurement complaints or supervision and inspection, assessment results of centralized procurement institutions, and information disclosure of government procurement projects. The supervision information of government procurement is made public through columns such as "information on illegal and untrustworthy behavior", "exposure desk", "decision on handling complaints or inspections" and "other supervision information".

　　1. The contents of the announcement on the information record of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors of government procurement parties and evaluation experts shall include the name and address of the parties, the specific circumstances of illegal and untrustworthy behaviors, the basis for handling, the results of handling, the date of handling and the name of law enforcement agencies. Information records of monthly violations of laws and regulations and dishonesty shall be announced no later than the 10th day of the following month.

　　2. The contents of the announcement of bad behavior records of government procurement parties and review experts shall include the names of the parties, reasons, handling organs and handling results. The record of bad behavior shall be announced within 5 working days after the completion and implementation of the relevant reporting procedures.

　　3 government procurement complaints or supervision and inspection decision announcement shall include the name and address of the relevant parties; The complaint involves the name of the procurement project and the procurement date; Complaints or major issues of supervision and inspection; Processing basis; Processing results; Name of law enforcement agency; Announcement date and other information. The decision on handling government procurement complaints or supervision and inspection shall be announced within 5 working days after the completion and implementation of the relevant reporting procedures.

　　4. The announcement of the assessment results of the centralized procurement institution shall include the name and address of the centralized procurement institution; Main contents of assessment; Assessment method; Assessment results; There are problems; Assessment unit, etc. The assessment results shall be announced within 5 working days after the completion and implementation of the relevant reporting procedures.

　　5 other regulatory information shall be disclosed in accordance with the requirements of government procurement laws and regulations and related systems.

　　IV. Relevant requirements

　　(a) financial departments at all levels, departments, units and procurement agencies should strengthen the awareness of the rule of law, do a good job in the disclosure of government procurement information in accordance with the law, improve the system, optimize the process, implement the division of responsibilities, establish and improve the working mechanism of government procurement information disclosure, and earnestly fulfill the responsibilities and obligations of government procurement information disclosure.

　　If the relevant provisions of the Notice of the Provincial Department of Finance on Further Standardizing the Announcement of Government Procurement Information (Guangdong Finance Procurement [2014] No.11) are inconsistent with this notice, this notice shall prevail.

　　(two) the financial departments at all levels should do a good job in upgrading the relevant information systems and online media in a timely manner, and complete the docking work with the Guangdong provincial government procurement network system. Give full play to the advantages of information technology, innovate information disclosure methods, improve information disclosure functions, improve the automation level of government procurement information disclosure, and create convenient conditions for purchasers and agencies to disclose government procurement information and accept social supervision. The Provincial Department of Finance will publish the specific operational guidelines for provincial budget units to disclose government procurement information on the Guangdong Provincial Government Procurement Network.

　　(III) The financial departments at all levels should strengthen the guidance, supervision and inspection on the disclosure of government procurement information, increase the penalties for violations of laws and regulations, and pursue legal responsibilities in accordance with the relevant provisions of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law and the Regulations for the Implementation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government Procurement Law.

　　(four) this notice shall be implemented as of October 1, 2015. Cities and counties (cities, districts) directly under the jurisdiction of finance can be fully opened before the end of 2015 with reference to the requirements of this notice in light of local conditions.

　　(five) in case of problems and suggestions in the implementation, please report to the Provincial Department of Finance (Government Procurement Supervision Office) in a timely manner.

　　　　　　　Guangdong Provincial Finance Department

　　September 1, 2015

　　International Online Report: According to the website of the National Bureau of Statistics, the gross domestic product in the first half of the year was 41,896.1 billion yuan, up 6.8% year-on-year at comparable prices. Quarterly, it increased by 6.8% in the first quarter and 6.7% in the second quarter, and remained in the range of 6.7%-6.9% for 12 consecutive quarters. In terms of industries, the added value of the primary industry was 2,208.7 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 3.2%; The added value of the secondary industry was 16,929.9 billion yuan, an increase of 6.1%; The added value of the tertiary industry was 22,757.6 billion yuan, an increase of 7.6%.

　　First, the agricultural planting structure is optimized and the production situation is better.

　　With the adjustment of grain planting structure, the national summer grain harvest is expected to be good. The structural reform of agricultural supply side deepened, and the planting area of cotton and soybean increased. Animal husbandry production is stable. In the first half of the year, the output of pig, cattle, sheep and poultry meat was 39.95 million tons, up 0.9% year-on-year; Among them, the output of pork was 26.14 million tons, an increase of 1.4%. The number of live pigs was 409.04 million, a year-on-year decrease of 1.8%; 334.22 million pigs were slaughtered, an increase of 1.2%.

　　II. Industrial growth was generally stable and the structure continued to be optimized.

　　In the first half of the year, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size actually increased by 6.7% year-on-year, and the growth rate dropped by 0.1 percentage point compared with the first quarter. In terms of economic types, the added value of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 7.6% year-on-year, collective enterprises decreased by 1.9%, joint-stock enterprises increased by 6.7%, and foreign-invested enterprises from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan increased by 6.2%. In terms of three categories, the added value of the mining industry increased by 1.6% year-on-year, the manufacturing industry increased by 6.9%, and the electricity, heat, gas and water production and supply industries increased by 10.5%. The added value of high-tech industries and equipment manufacturing increased by 11.6% and 9.2% respectively, which was 4.9 and 2.5 percentage points faster than that of industries above designated size. In June, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 6.0% year on year. From January to May, the total profits of industrial enterprises above designated size nationwide reached 2,729.8 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 16.5%; The profit rate of main business income of industrial enterprises above designated size was 6.36%, an increase of 0.35 percentage points over the same period of last year.

　　Third, the service industry grew rapidly, and emerging service industries flourished.

　　In the first half of the year, the national service industry production index increased by 8.0% year-on-year, and the growth rate dropped by 0.1 percentage point compared with the first quarter, maintaining a relatively fast growth rate. Among them, information transmission, software and information technology services, leasing and business services maintained rapid growth. In June, the national service industry production index increased by 8.0% year-on-year. From January to May, the operating income of service enterprises above designated size increased by 13.3% year-on-year, 0.2 percentage points faster than the same period of last year; Among them, the operating income of strategic emerging service industry, science and technology service industry and high-tech service industry increased by 18.1%, 17.5% and 15.4% respectively, which were 2.4, 5.0 and 4.5 percentage points higher than the same period of last year.

　　Four, residents’ consumption and market sales increased steadily, and consumption upgraded goods grew rapidly.

　　In the first half of the year, the per capita consumption expenditure of the national residents was 9,609 yuan, a nominal increase of 8.8% year-on-year, 1.2 percentage points faster than that in the first quarter, and a real increase of 6.7% after deducting the price factor, 1.3 percentage points faster. Among them, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents increased by 6.8% in nominal terms, accelerating by 1.1 percentage points; The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents increased by 12.2% in nominal terms, accelerating by 1.2 percentage points. In the first half of the year, the total retail sales of social consumer goods was 180018 billion yuan, up 9.4% year-on-year, and the growth rate dropped by 0.4 percentage points compared with the first quarter. According to the location of business units, the retail sales of urban consumer goods reached 15,409.1 billion yuan, an increase of 9.2%; The retail sales of rural consumer goods reached 2,592.7 billion yuan, up by 10.5%. According to consumption types, catering revenue was 1,945.7 billion yuan, an increase of 9.9%; Retail sales of commodities reached 16,056.1 billion yuan, an increase of 9.3%. The sales of consumption-upgrading commodities grew rapidly, with household appliances and audio-visual equipment, communication equipment and cosmetics of units above designated size increasing by 10.6%, 10.6% and 14.2% respectively, 0.2, 0.5 and 2.9 percentage points higher than the same period of last year. In June, the total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 9.0% year-on-year, 0.5 percentage points faster than last month.

　　5. Investment in fixed assets grew steadily, while private investment and manufacturing investment rebounded.

　　In the first half of the year, China’s investment in fixed assets (excluding farmers) was 29,731.6 billion yuan, up 6.0% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 1.5 percentage points lower than that in the first quarter. Among them, private investment was 18,453.9 billion yuan, up 8.4% year-on-year, 1.2 percentage points faster than the same period of last year. In terms of industries, investment in the primary industry increased by 13.5%; Investment in the secondary industry increased by 3.8%, of which manufacturing investment increased by 6.8%, and the growth rate rebounded for three consecutive months, 3.0 percentage points faster than that in the first quarter and 1.3 percentage points faster than that in the same period of last year; Investment in the tertiary industry increased by 6.8%, of which investment in infrastructure increased by 7.3%. Investment in high-tech manufacturing increased by 13.1% year-on-year, and the growth rate was 7.1 percentage points faster than the total investment. In the first half of the year, the national investment in real estate development was 5,553.1 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 9.7%. The national commercial housing sales area was 771.43 million square meters, up by 3.3%. The national sales of commercial housing reached 6,694.5 billion yuan, up by 13.2%.

　　6. The surplus of import and export of goods narrowed and the trade structure continued to improve.

　　In the first half of the year, the total import and export volume of goods was 14,122.7 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.9%. Among them, exports reached 7,512 billion yuan, up 4.9%; Imports reached 6,610.7 billion yuan, an increase of 11.5%. Imports and exports offset each other, with a surplus of 901.3 billion yuan, a decrease of 26.7% over the same period of last year. The trade structure was further optimized, and the import and export of general trade increased by 12.2%, accounting for 59% of the total import and export, an increase of 2.3 percentage points over the same period of last year. The export of mechanical and electrical products increased by 7%, accounting for 58.6% of the total export. Imports and exports to the top three trading partners maintained growth. China’s imports and exports to the European Union, the United States and ASEAN increased by 5.3%, 5.2% and 11% respectively, accounting for 41% of China’s total imports and exports. In the same period, China’s import and export to 16 countries in Central and Eastern Europe increased by 14.7%, which was 6.8 percentage points higher than the growth rate of total import and export of goods. In June, the total import and export volume was 2,493.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 4.3%. Among them, exports were 1,377.7 billion yuan, an increase of 3.1%; Imports reached 1,115.8 billion yuan, up 6.0%. In the first half of the year, industrial enterprises above designated size achieved a export delivery value of 5,716.2 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5.7%. In June, industrial enterprises above designated size realized export delivery value of 1,054.7 billion yuan, an increase of 2.8%.

　　Seven, residents’ income grew steadily, and the employment situation was stable and positive.

　　In the first half of the year, the per capita disposable income of the national residents was 14,063 yuan, a nominal increase of 8.7% year-on-year, and a real increase of 6.6% after deducting the price factor. According to the place of permanent residence, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 19,770 yuan, a nominal increase of 7.9% year-on-year, and a real increase of 5.8% after deducting the price factor; The per capita disposable income of rural residents was 7142 yuan, a nominal increase of 8.8% year-on-year, and a real increase of 6.8% after deducting the price factor. The per capita income difference between urban and rural residents was 2.77, 0.02 less than the same period of last year. The median per capita disposable income of the national residents was 12,186 yuan, a nominal increase of 8.4% year-on-year. In June, the national urban survey unemployment rate was 4.8%, which was the same as last month and decreased by 0.1 percentage point over the same month of last year. The survey unemployment rate in 31 big cities and towns was 4.7%, which was the same as last month and decreased by 0.2 percentage points over the same month of last year. At the end of the second quarter, the total number of rural laborers who went out to work was 180.22 million, an increase of 1.49 million or 0.8% over the same period of last year. The average monthly income of migrant workers was 3,661 yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.5%.

　　Eight, consumer prices rose moderately, and industrial prices rose steadily.

　　In the first half of the year, the national consumer price rose by 2.0% year-on-year, which was 0.1 percentage point lower than that in the first quarter. By category, the prices of food, tobacco and alcohol rose by 1.4%, clothing by 1.1%, housing by 2.3%, daily necessities and services by 1.6%, transportation and communication by 1.2%, education, culture and entertainment by 2.1%, medical care by 5.5% and other goods and services by 1.1%. In June, the national consumer price rose by 1.9% year-on-year, an increase of 0.1 percentage point over the previous month and a decrease of 0.1% from the previous month. In the first half of the year, the ex-factory price of industrial producers nationwide rose by 3.9% year-on-year, an increase of 0.2 percentage points over the first quarter; The purchase price of industrial producers nationwide rose by 4.4% year-on-year. In June, the ex-factory price of industrial producers nationwide rose by 4.7% year-on-year, with an increase of 0.6 percentage points from the previous month and 0.3% from the previous month. The purchase price of industrial producers nationwide rose by 5.1% year-on-year and 0.4% quarter-on-quarter.

　　Nine, the transformation and upgrading have achieved remarkable results, and new kinetic energy has accelerated growth.

　　The economic structure continued to be optimized. From the perspective of industrial structure, the growth rate of added value of the tertiary industry in the first half of the year was 1.5 percentage points faster than that of the secondary industry; The proportion of GDP was 54.3%, 0.3 percentage points higher than that of the same period of last year and 13.9 percentage points higher than that of the secondary industry. From the perspective of demand structure, the contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth is 78.5%, which is 47.1 percentage points higher than the total capital formation. New industries and new products are growing rapidly. From the perspective of industrial structure, the added value of strategic emerging industries in the first half of the year increased by 8.7% year-on-year, 2.0 percentage points faster than that of industries above designated size. The output of new energy vehicles increased by 88.1%, industrial robots by 23.9% and integrated circuits by 15.0%. New consumption is booming. From the perspective of trade structure, the national online retail sales in the first half of the year was 4,081 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 30.1%. Among them, the online retail sales of physical goods was 3,127.7 billion yuan, up by 29.8%, accounting for 17.4% of the total retail sales of social consumer goods, up by 3.6 percentage points year-on-year; The online retail sales of non-physical goods reached 953.3 billion yuan, an increase of 30.9%. Green development has progressed steadily. From the perspective of energy conservation and emission reduction, the energy consumption per unit of GDP decreased by 3.2% in the first half of the year.

　　X. The structural reform of the supply side has been further promoted, and the market expectation is generally good.

　　Structural de-capacity continued to deepen. In the first half of the year, the utilization rate of industrial capacity in China was 76.7%, 0.2 percentage points higher than that in the first quarter and 0.3 percentage points higher than that in the same period of last year. The effect of destocking is outstanding. At the end of June, the area of commercial housing for sale nationwide decreased by 14.7% year-on-year. The leverage ratio and cost of enterprises continue to decline. At the end of May, the asset-liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 56.6%, down 0.6 percentage points year-on-year. From January to May, the cost per 100 yuan of main business income of industrial enterprises above designated size was 84.49 yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 0.31 yuan. Investment in the short-board sector has grown rapidly. In the first half of the year, the investment in ecological protection and environmental management and agriculture increased by 35.4% and 15.4% respectively, which was 29.4 and 9.4 percentage points faster than the total investment. The market is expected to remain prosperous. In June, the comprehensive PMI output index was 54.4%, the manufacturing purchasing manager index was 51.5%, and the non-manufacturing business activity index was 55.0%, which continued to run in the expansion range.

　　Generally speaking, in the first half of the year, the national economy continued to develop steadily and steadily, and the favorable conditions for supporting the economy to move towards high-quality development increased, laying a good foundation for achieving the main economic and social development goals for the whole year. However, we should also see that the uncertainty of the external environment has increased, and the domestic structural adjustment is in the critical period. We must adhere to the general tone of striving for progress while maintaining stability, maintain strategic strength, adhere to the supply-side structural reform as the main line, continue to expand effective demand, focus on revitalizing the real economy, actively respond to external challenges, prevent and resolve potential risks, guide and stabilize social expectations, and scientifically and comprehensively promote steady growth, promote reform, adjust structure, benefit people’s livelihood, and prevent risks to ensure stable and healthy economic operation.

　　Northeast Network June 28 News Entering the midsummer, the weather is hot, and drinking cold drinks and eating kebabs has become the first choice for many consumers. A few days ago, the Municipal Food and Drug Administration issued a food safety consumption reminder. The general public should not covet the delicious barbecue food. They should try to choose businesses with complete licenses and good sanitary conditions, and try to choose healthier electric roasting processing methods to be safe.

　　It is understood that eating electric kebabs is healthier than eating charcoal kebabs, because high-temperature cooking or putting food directly on a charcoal fire will produce harmful chemicals such as carbon monoxide, while electric kebabs can effectively control the baking temperature, avoid contact with naked flames, have uniform heat, prevent burning, and greatly reduce the generation of carcinogens. In addition, you should choose grilled kebabs. Some kebabs, though delicious, are difficult to be effectively sterilized due to uneven heating and low central temperature, and may contain pathogenic microorganism residues, which are all hidden dangers. Therefore, kebabs should pay attention to the heat before eating, and citizens should control their high appetite and not eat too much at a time.

　　In addition, if you choose to eat barbecue in the store, you should try to choose a restaurant with complete licenses and good sanitary conditions. If you make your own kebabs, you must keep in mind that fresh ingredients taste good, cut into small pieces and keep them at low temperature. It is necessary to clean the barbecue utensils frequently, and the seasoning is qualified. It is necessary to keep away from charcoal fire and turn them frequently, and smoke flames cannot be roasted.

Original Chen mo mo duo la Wen Yao

Hello, I’m Chen Mo, a clinical pharmacist who wants to fill in all the knowledge of pharmacy.

Now is the outbreak season of influenza. Xiaobian has written several related tweets one after another, but the backstage still receives many readers’ questions, such as: What is the difference between influenza and cold? So, today we will explore this problem together.

01/

What is the flu?

First of all, the flu is a cold, but not all of it.

How can I put it? The full name of influenza is influenza, which is a highly contagious acute respiratory disease caused by influenza virus. Every year, it causes seasonal epidemic in the world, and can cause unpredictable pandemics, with a high incidence rate, posing a huge threat to human health.

To put it bluntly, influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease with strong infectivity and rapid spread.

According to the antigenicity difference between nucleoprotein and matrix protein M1, influenza viruses can be divided into four types: A, B, C and D, and their characteristics are shown in Table 2.

Influenza viruses can be divided into four types: A, B, C and D (see Figure 1. Click to view a larger image). Among them, influenza A viruses, such as H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, are more likely to spread rapidly among people because of their easy mutation or rearrangement, and many large-scale outbreaks of influenza in history are related to influenza A viruses.

Fig. 1. Pathogenic classification and characteristics of influenza virus. Photo production: Chen Mo Pharmacist

02/

The common cold

The common cold, which we often say, is a disease confined to the upper respiratory tract. Its clinical manifestations are nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat and cough, which can be caused by different kinds of virus infections. It is a self-limited disease, and the duration of symptoms is usually less than 10 days.

What are the common causes of the common cold?

The most common is rhinovirus (RV), others are coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus and so on.

In addition, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae and chlamydia pneumoniae infection can also cause cold-like symptoms. Other new respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2ο and δ mutant, can also be the cause of colds.

Cold like symptoms

Cold symptoms mainly include sore throat, sneezing, headache, general malaise, chills, fever, runny nose, nasal congestion and cough, among which nasal congestion and runny nose are the most prominent symptoms that make patients feel uncomfortable.

03/

The difference between flu and common cold

Here is a table to show (Figure 2. Click to view a larger image):

Figure 2. The main differences between influenza and common cold. Photo production: Chen Mo Pharmacist

——–See you next time.

Original title: "Is the flu a cold? What’s the difference with the common cold? (collectible) "

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